The ability to formulate concepts ad think abstractly disappears

Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive, irreversible, degenerative neurologic disease that begins insidiously and is characterized by gradual losses of cognitive function and disturbances in behavior and affect. Alzheimer’s disease is not found exclusively in the elderly; in 1 % to 10% of cases, its onset occurs in middle age. A family history of Alzheimer’s disease and the presence of Down syndrome are two established risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease.Of family members have at least one other relative with Alzheimer’s disease, then a familial component, which non- specifically includes both environmental triggers and genetic determinants, is said to exist. Genetic studies show that autosomal- dominant forms of Alzheimer’s disease are associated with early onset and early death. In 1987, chromosome 21 was first implicated in early-onset familial Alzheimer’s disease. Soon after, the gene coding fro amyloid precursor protein or APP was also found to be on chromosome 21.Not until 1991 was an actual mutation in association with familial Alzheimer’s disease found in the APP gene of chromosome 21. For those with this gene, onset of Alzheimer’s disease began in their 50’s. Only a few of the cases of familial Alzheimer’s disease have been found to involve this genetic mutation. In 1992, chromosome 14 was found to contain an unidentified mutation also linked to familial Alzheimer’s disease. Since 1995, molecular biologists have been discovering even more- specific genetic information about the various forms of Alzheimer’s disease, including genetic differences between early- and late- onset Alzheimer’s disease.These genetic differences are helping to pinpoint risk factors associated with the disease, although the genetic indicators are not specific enough to be used as reliable diagnostic markets. A. Causes/ Risk Factors Symptoms of AD are usually subtle in onset and often progress slowly until they are obvious and devastating. The changes characteristic of AD into three general categories: cognitive, functional, and behavioral. Reversible causes of AD include alcohol abuse, medication use, psychiatric disorders, and normal- pressure hydrocephalus.Increasing age is the leading risk factor of people getting Alzheimer’s disease. II. Symptoms, Changes by Psychological and Behavioral A. Dementia Symptoms are usually subtle in onset and often progress slowly until they are obvious and devastating. The changes characteristics of dementia fall into three general categories: cognitive, functional and behavioral. In the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease, forgetfulness and subtle memory loss occur. The patient may experience small difficulties in work or social activities but has adequate cognitive function to hide the loss and can function independently.Depression may occur at this time. With further progression of the disease, the deficits ca n no longer be concealed. Forgetfulness is manifested in many daily actions. These patients may lose their ability to recognize familiar faces, places, and objects and may get lost in a familiar environment. They may repeat the same stories because they forget that they have already told them. Trying to reason with the person and using reality orientation only increase the patient’s anxiety without increasing function. Conversation becomes difficult, and there are word- finding difficulties.The ability to formulate concepts ad think abstractly disappears; for instance, the patient can interpret a proverb only in concrete terms. The patient is often unable to recognize the consequences of his or her actions and will therefore exhibit impulsive behavior. For example, on a hot day, the patient may decide to wade in the city fountain fully clothed. The patient has difficulty with everyday activities, such as operating simple appliances and handling money. Personality changes are also usually evident. The patient may become depressed, suspicious, paranoid, hostile, and even combative.Progression of the disease intensifies the symptoms: speaking skills deteriorate to nonsense syllables, agitation and physical activity increase, and the patient may wander at night. Eventually, assistance is needed for most ADL’s including eating and toileting, since dysphagia occurs and incontinence develops. The terminal stage, in which the patient is usually mobile and requires total care, may last for months or years. Occasionally, the patient may recognize family or caretakers. Death occurs as a result of complications such as pneumonia, malnutrition, or dehydration.

Animals in Research: Ethical Issues Essay

Scientific quest for knowledge and animal experimentation has been inexorably tied to each other both in popular imagination and human history (Bishop & Nolen, 2001). The use of animals in scientific research has resulted to spectacular innovations in the field of medicine and understanding of animal, including human, physiology. Many medicinal technologies were developed that are now used to treat illnesses that were once causing heavy death toll. However, different individuals and communities had different responses to the use of animals in research. This led to debates and protests of individuals and organizations with concerns on ethics and animal rights. Is the use of animals as research subjects ethical? Scientific Perspective To answer our question, let us first look into the scientific perspective of the issue. According to Bishop and Nolen (2001), there are approximately 35 million animals used in scientific research worldwide in an annual basis. Approximately 10 to 17 million animals are killed in American laboratories alone (Walshaw, â€Å"Ethical Issues in Animal Research†). The animals used in laboratory researches include mice, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, pigs, dogs, sheep, primates, and cats. In the United States, rats, mice, and birds comprise about 90-95% of the total animals killed during biomedical researches (â€Å"Animals in Scientific Procedures: Regulation in the USA†). Why are animals needed in research? There are four reasons why scientists use animals in research (â€Å"Why Are Animals Need in Research? †). The first reason is that humans and some animals are similar in physiology and anatomy. Scientists prefer to use animals as tests subjects rather than humans in their preliminary research. The second reason, certain strands of animals are infected with the same illnesses or conditions as humans. These animals are referred to as â€Å"Animal Models† and are studied to understand the nature of the disease and hopefully provide appropriate treatment. The third reason lies in the principles of â€Å"research†, which is to introduce one variable and observe its results on the system studied. It is easier to control the environment (i. e. emperature, humidity) of animals in the laboratory and prevent any intrusions of disease-causing bacteria and viruses that will cause diseases not related to research, which in common sense, controlling their health. Humans have different life styles that affect their health thus making it difficult to use them as test subjects. The fourth reason pertains to the test for validity of the results obtained from the research. This means test for statistics, i. e. testing a number of animals before coming up with the outright conclusion. In humans, this test is difficult to perform since they have different cases. As a result, data obtained from one case is no longer a research and the results may not apply to the whole population. Now that we have identified the four reasons why animals are needed in research, let us now identify the different issues related to animal rights and ethical issues in research with animals. Regulations and Animal Safety Standards The Public Health Service Guide for Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and the Animal Welfare Act are the two US regulations that monitor and control biomedical researches. The Public Health Service Guidelines is administered by the Office of for Laboratory Animal Welfare of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PHS guidelines were designed for any animal research that is funded by the federal government, i. e. researches done by federal agencies. Under the PHS guidelines is an oversight system, the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUCs). The system evaluates research procedures, reviews research animal care protocols, including waste disposal, and inspect facilities of the research laboratory as well as educate and facilitate the laboratory personnel. It also functions to investigate reports of animal misuse and mistreatment, particularly during the research process. The Animal Welfare Act controls research of animals that are not mentioned in the PHS guidelines. Under this act, only the animal species specifically mentioned are allowed to be studied. The animals included under the Public Law 89-544 are the following: non-human primates, rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, cats and dogs. However, the 1970 amendment gave authorization to the USDA Secretary to include other warm-blooded animals and also gave the legislation its current name. Further amendments to the AWA require the registration of some pain-relieving drugs under the Improved Standards for Laboratory Animals Act (ISLA) of 1985. One problem with these laws is that some animal researches conducted by pharmaceutical companies or genetic engineering firms no longer coincide with these federal regulations. The use of rats, mice and birds are not included in the AWA which means that federal standards, including animal care programs, do not apply to the researches. At present, the USDA is drafting regulations to include these animals to the act. Issues on Ethics and Animal Rights There are four issues that pertain to animal rights (Walshaw & Burton, 1999). The first issue deals with the â€Å"use of animals for human purposes†. The adherents of the use of animals in biomedical research argue that animals do not have â€Å"moral standing† in the sense that they do not have: self-consciousness, freedom to act and engage in purposive behavior, reasons for actions and ability to appreciate reasons for actions, capacity to communicate with humans using a language, capacity to make moral judgments and rationality. On the other hand, some people argue that the question on animal use is not, â€Å"can they reason or talk? †, but rather, â€Å"can they suffer? † Animals have feelings like that of humans. The second issue on animal rights talks about the â€Å"nature and effects of the research on animal welfare†. In this issue, adherents defend their position by pointing out the â€Å"3 R’s†. These are reduce, refine, and replace. They argue that modern techniques on animal research include the use of modern anesthetics and also advances in the computer technology which reduce the â€Å"pain† those animals feel during the process. Also, advances in computer technology aid biomedical scientists in getting data with lesser need of animals. The third issue deals with appearances, â€Å"can the experiment be perceived as being unpleasant or have unaesthetic appearances? † In this issue, some people argue that animal research that involves killing, cutting and slicing of animal parts is unpleasant. In most cases, the adherents of this idea are those involved in some religious beliefs or philosophies. Hindu religion, for example, houses animals (i. . rodents, primates) in temples believing that those were reincarnates of their ancestors. They treat these animals with high respect. The fourth issue is about the â€Å"purposes or benefits of the procedures†. This pertains to the different cases in which humans benefited from animal research. Under this issue, the adherents of the use of animals in research defend their position by citing the different purposes, and benefits, that humans will get from the research of animals. The purposes and benefits of the using animals as test subjects answer the question â€Å"why are animals needed in research? †. The four reasons why animals are preferred in biomedical research are identified above. Is the use of animals in research ethical? I believe, yes. I adhere to the ideologies of the biomedical scientists. The aforementioned information will support my opinion. It is beneficial to use animals in science. After all, scientists were able to find ways to save and prolong the lives of people who are infected with deadly diseases.

API ( Application Programming Interface) Theory part exam as a Assignment

API ( Application Programming Interface) Theory part exam as a coursework - Assignment Example The protocol achieves this by granting third-party application access to protected content without providing the application with credentials. Oath protocol differs with the Open ID which is a federated authentication protocol (A How-to Guide to OAuth & API Security n.d). The traditional approach in client-server authentication model required a request to access protected resource on the server by the client. Authentication provided to the server through the credentials from the resource owner enabled the third party access resources. In other words, the resource owner had to share its credentials with the third party and this created several problems and limitations such as; The credentials for the resource owner like username and password had to stored by the third party for future use by the third-party Security lapses in password storage required that servers support password authentication Resource owners lacked protection from third-party applications due to unlimited access of resources Resource owners have to change third-party’s password since they cannot revoke an individual third-party. This means that all third-parties fall prey due to revocation of an individual Any compromise of third-party application leads to compromise of end-user’s username and password. This leads to unlimited and misuse of protected data by that password. This breach in security is addressed by OAuth through an authorization layer and defining the role of the resource owner and the client (third-party). According to this protocol, the third party does not use the resource owner’s credentials to access protected resources from the server but uses an access token. The access token denotes specific scope, lifetime, and other access attributes offered to the third-party clients through an authorization server and with approval from resource owner. The access token is used by the third-party to access the protected resources hosted by resource server. The thi rd-party APIs have a restricted use to service provided by HTTP as well as managing a handshake between applications. OAuth is a full API access control tool and security solution with a focus on API management such as user management, auditing, throttling, and threat detection. b. Give an assessment of the core issues surrounding identity and APIs APIs apply security approaches through identity, authentication, and authorization. Identification entails encryption of the person making an API request while authorization focuses on validating permission granted to API request users. Authentication confirms the API request users. API key is used to establish identity but not authentication of end users. Through the API key, organizations like Google maps and Yahoo can track their users and keep service volume under control. Identity service operations for API applies three types of service extensions. These are; OpenStack Identity Service Extension, HP Identity Service Extensions, and Rackspace Identity Service Extensions. The three service extensions apply the following Identity Service Concepts; User User is a digital representation of an end user, system, or service that uses API services like OpenStack cloud services. The identity validates the request made by the user claiming to make the call. The end users are facilitated by a log in and tokens to access resources with the option of a tenant provision or tenant ownership. Credentials Credentials refer to validation of data by

Question 1 business ethic report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Question 1 business ethic report - Essay Example Common ethical issues faced by international businesses include personal working conditions, child labor, and corruption among others. These issues create dilemmas to management, hence the need for a business to develop its own strategies to deal with them. Ethical issues and dilemmas may arise in four levels. These include individual or professional level, organizational level, industrial level, and societal and international level. In individual or professional level, a person faces pressure from conflicting interests or in circumstances that call for decision-making. At this level, ethical dilemmas may originate from personal situations or pressure from work. An individual or personal dilemma may spread problems in the organization if not dealt with early enough (Weiss, 2008, p. 98). Organizational level involves the duty of the business to the shareholders and stakeholders. Business will find itself in a dilemma with these two parties if it carries out unethical practices. For ex ample, the case of the American Airlines, where the company had to stop more than 900 flights in 2008 with the f correcting errors found in the wheels of these planes. This situation had put very many people at risk of death or harm (Weiss, 2008, p. 98). In industrial level, the company staff or workforce may be influenced to carry out some functions in the industry. Some of the business practices undertaken by businesses in an industry are unethical or illegal. Individual, professional, organizational, and industrial practices may conflict with those of societal and international levels. For instance, during the payment of cash to the government and offering tips to employees in a certain country may be unacceptable practices, but in certain countries such practices may be illegal and unethical, hence will be considered as bribery (Weiss, 2008, p. 99). Ethical behaviors According to David Smith, there are three types of ethical behaviors. These include universal base code, which re fers to behaviors that are acceptable all over the world. These are codes of conduct that do not change with time and are affected by geographical and culture of people. Super imposed codes change with culture, region and time. Lastly, legal codes or laws, according to David laws are full of limitations as measures of ethics. The current legal framework supports capitalism which has always been considered wrong. At this point, I will share my sentiments with Smith that, an individual’s views on what is ethical or unethical depends on where he or she is located. For example, many countries in the world have zero tolerance on drug trafficking and abuse. A country like Dubai, a drug dealer is likely to be sentenced to hanging while in some countries; some hardcore drugs are still legal. A person may commit an act that to others is immoral and unethical, but the person could still get support some individual especially of the same culture. With this in mind, SIG came up with its own means and plan to help in making ethical decisions. The ethical framework Each company should have a measure of standard to warn against any deviation from ethical practices. An organization should keep in mind laws governing completion in different companies, corruption, policies on human rights and safety of both employees and customers especially in the communist countries. Smith during his lecture suggested that businesses longing to succeed should not consider

Comparing and contrasting the Frye standard, [Frye vs. United States Term Paper

Comparing and contrasting the Frye standard, [Frye vs. United States (293 F. 1013 (DC Cir 1923)], with the Daubert standard [Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals (509 U.S. 579 (1993) - Term Paper Example s called â€Å"Fyre in drag.† Problems have come up with this standard, due to the fact that it has led to eyebrows being raised regarding the vitality of the standard and on its flexibility to be able to adjust to different situations and fresh and new scientific matters, where "general" or "widespread" approval is not gathered. Conversely, whether fresh or new, supposedly scientific matters are issues of significance to the court have been quizzed. As a substitute to this standard, many law courts apply Rule 702 of the  Federal Rules of Evidence, as the basis for professional testimony and scientific evidence. In my essay I will provide an explanation of how courts view science and how that view has changed over the last century. I will make also make a prediction of future evidentiary issues for forensic evidence and explain whether forensic evidence in criminal investigations and trials will increase or decrease over the next two decades.   Jason Daubert and Eric Schuller were born with abnormal birth problems that relate to the physicality of the body. Both them together with their real parents had decided to take legal action against Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc, which is a branch of Dow Chemical Company, which is solely situated in some state court in the state of California in the United states of America, They believed that a specific drug in the name of Bendectin had caused the birth abnormalities. Merrell Dow thus transferred the case to federal court, and then made the move for Summary judgment owing to the fact that their legal committee submitted records indicating that no published scientific research and experimentation pointed out a connection between Bendectin and birth abnormalities. Daubert and Schuller, forwarded their professional evidence formulated by themselves which postulated that Bendectin might cause abnormalities resulting from the birth process. In the case in the year 1923, Frye vs united states, 293 F1013(D.C Cir 1923), the

Study of World Cultures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Study of World Cultures - Essay Example They include the involvement with cross-functional groups, coordination of order specifications with suppliers, supervision of work across cultures or countries, negotiation of terms with offshore business partners, expanding operations to new countries and forming mergers with competitors. Boundaries come with challenges, which managers need to understand. Boundaries can cause investment losses, customer service failure, and unmotivated employees who are unwilling to span boundaries. The factors contributing to the emergence of boundary problems in organizations relate to Cultural Communication Dimensions and Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions. The most important cultural communication dimensions relate to language and cultural differences. As such, various people in the entrepreneurial world have different languages of communication. Moreover, they also have their cultural alignments, which may not permit cross-cultural communications. Cultural obstacles at the micro and macro scales can deter boundary spanning. At the macro level, cultural issues occur when firms communicate across their territorial boundaries. It may include instances when international corporations work with units from other nations. For instance, the United States may outsource Indian experts to offer IT services. Micro-cultural issues refer to the corporate culture created in the various departments of an organization. The communication pattern is one cultural dimension that affects the working relationship between Westerners and Asians. While the westerners often prefer communicating through verbal signs, the Asians opt to be non-verbal. Westerners and North American cultures value clarity and directness. By contrast, Asian cultures value ambiguity, politeness, and indirectness. Asian and American business cultures also differ on the cultural dimension of action. For instance, Asians will not openly reject a proposal since they value

Environmental Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Environmental Studies - Essay Example Bio-centrism extends inherent value to all animals. This system dictates that human beings are equal to other living things. This ethical viewpoint gives all living things an equal platform, and at the same time reduces chances of exploitation. If this ethical viewpoint was followed by all human beings, then the world would be a better place for all. More over, human beings would not be dealing with the negative effects of pollution, and environmental degradation. While this idea is very noble, there is a perception that it is not practical after all. In other words, bio-spherical egalitarianism is hypothetical in nature and lacks any practical application. The other major weakness of this ethical viewpoint is that it disregards the environment in favor of the living things. If a human being is faced with a conflict between preserving the environment and living things, then they would rather favor the living things. In addition, biocentrism emphasizes on individualism, hence neglecti ng collective entities such as the ecosystem (Reichmann 45). Lastly, biocentrism suggests that there are limits to what humans can do with the environment (Agar 56). This goes against what is universally acceptable, and is very unrealistic. Taking such an unrealistic stance encourages human beings to become even more destructive. Based on this information, our conservation efforts need to be balanced, and human beings need to be accorded a higher status compared to other living things. Unlike other living creatures, human beings have the capacity to take care of the ecosystem and address the challenges facing the environment. If the conservation efforts are modeled according to this system, then human beings will be unable to exploit the environment. On the other hand, utilitarian conservation asserts that resources should be used for the greater good and for the greatest number. This approach

Sex and the Sickbed Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sex and the Sickbed - Essay Example Death is one such feeling that is not easily dealt by individuals under differential circumstances. The story ‘Sex and the Sickbed’ also mentions the same ideology of a partner losing out to another’s sexual needs and thus dying prematurely. This is a very unfortunate act which has happened for all the wrong reasons, as far as the story is concerned. The story is therefore a depiction of how a person meets the most significant challenges of his life. This has been stated within the story itself where Jennifer had to undergo pain because Neil had died and thus she had lost her as a partner. What Jennifer missed about Neil the most was that they would not be able to enjoy their sex life in the future which was a source of happiness for both of them. However, this will not suffice in the coming times as death has prevailed for the couple and they have parted ways through natural means. The case with human life is no different. One of the most disadvantageous aspects of human life is that it has to come to an end unexpectedly. This has been proven with the advent of time as people die every now and then, and hence their lives finish with others having dear hopes from them. There is a dire need to find out how these challenges can be addressed with the changing times (Rosenthal, 2009, 61). This is because the challenges change and hence the requirements alter as well. However, death is one significant mark that leaves a lot to be desired of as far as the human disposition is concerned. One must fathom the true meaning of death before commenting on it, and more so within the story of â€Å"Sex and the Sickbed†. The story gives a very true picture of how Jennifer would have to deal with Neil’s untimely death and what the consequences would be in the long range scheme of things. Neil left an indelible mark on the mind of Jennifer who is unable to deal with it and thinks of the sex life that they shared. With this, one easily understand s how complicated it is to make-do with life’s varied complexes and challenges that come about every now and then. Prioritizing them as the most important amongst the several ones is an arduous task, and more so when the discussion is centered on the story â€Å"Sex and the Sickbed†. This is because for Jennifer, Neil’s death is something that comes out as a serious and grave problem which shall remain with her entirety until the time she is alive. Not only is she missing Neil, she would have to miss the sex life that they shared as well. These are distressing times for Jennifer and she must come to terms with the same, the sooner the better for her own self (Author Unknown, 2007). The challenges keep on becoming bigger as the responsibility increases upon one’s own self. However, there are different implications for the people under varied circumstances as has been proven true in the story â€Å"Sex and the Sickbed† itself. Thus what is required n ow is a perceptual change in understanding that things need to be comprehended well before they are seen as being difficult or complex in entirety. This will solve a number of issues and concerns which have been coming on to the horizon, and more so within the lives of the people in the times much like today. In the end, it would be sound to state that the story hits the nail on the head. This is because people feel that the most complex problems could be ascertained if only the gravity of the quagmire is found out. This takes place through an understanding about the features which hurt the most and which shall create uproar for all the wrong reasons. The story is also judgmental as far as comprehending how the problems could be tackled, if and only if there is a collective understanding to bring about resolutions for the sake of sanctity in this world. All

The Importance of Providing a Quality-learning Environment for a Essay

The Importance of Providing a Quality-learning Environment for a Person with MDVI - Essay Example Teachers and families of MDVI children have a significant role to play in partnership with other organizations as early as childhood (LaVenture, 2007). Most importantly, role models should be available in this environment to help people with MDVI understand how they fit in the local society. They can be taught to work in teams and to sustain friendships. Providing a favorable environment will help these challenged individuals to overcome social awkwardness, protect themselves, and to ensure they realize their sexuality where necessary. Sarah is a twenty one year old adult with CHARGE syndrome. She has coloboma in her right eye and micropthalmia in her left. Sarah has a moderate hearing impairment and uses Makaton to communicate. She is very social and loves being around people. She has a moderate learning disability and as she has eating difficulties, her food intake needs to be monitored. Due to a heart condition, she missed a lot of schooling. Despite poor balance, Sarah likes to walk independently but when tired needs the use of her wheelchair. She is able to orientate herself well in her classroom/workshop but can get easily lost once outside. From this case study, Sarah is a MDVI young woman, who seems to associate easily with people and thus there is a high chance of her learning with ease. However, much has to be done to ensure that she takes meals and to encourage her do some activities on her own. The most motivating feature about her is that she is able to orient herself precisely in her classroom, meaning that she can develop knowledge and skills to enable her pursue her studies further. When working with people with such impairments, multidisciplinary teams such as teachers need to consider several principles such as demonstrating a number of academic studies and writing skills that are most consistent to their physical challenge.  

Selection of a Pessure Vessel Manufacturer Assignment

Selection of a Pessure Vessel Manufacturer - Assignment Example top contender somewhat a top contender both seemed good to Jack Tooles capability to meet specification and cleanliness requirement had some reservations had a few reservations both very neither completely capable ,neither did they lack the capability to meet Oceanic requirements equipment and machinary as per company perception new and up-to-date Considerable age, and not of large capacity, but adequate for the job. Also available for use in other places/subsidiary plants Clearly Atomic products were better of the two Factor Continued on next page >>>> Offering company Comment ATOMIC PRODUCTS NUCLEAR equipment and machinary as per Oceanics perception new and up-to-date not as adequate as Atomic Products'. cause for stated cost lower number of man hours required higher number of man hours required Hence Atomic products show a greater degree of efficiency self image of management,machinery,equipment and to meet TARGETS were firm on their abilities and believed they could make such a vessel or bigger relatively confident Both firms are relatively confident in there ability to meet the challenge work disruptions strikes several according to case Company was on a profit sharing plan. No union existed. Workers were at good terms with management. Clearly Nuclear vessels were better, because they would have little work disruptions. This implies that because worker and management interests in profits should result in the best of effort to make the vessel. Factor Continued on next page >>>> Offering company Comment ATOMIC PRODUCTS NUCLEAR staff and area to meet TARGET relatively sufficient One member each from supply, expediting, quality control, and scheduling was assigned to a task force headed by a project engineer. It was the... One member each from supply, expediting, quality control, and scheduling was assigned to a task force headed by a project engineer. It was the responsibility of this task force to follow the entire project through the shop and keep the project engineer informed on a day-to-day basis cost-plus-a-fixed-fee contract , Total price: Estimated cost $1,120,000,Fixed fee 112,000,Total $1,232,000,Costing rate: Estimated shop rate $24/hour,Shop overhead 180%,Material Cost + 10% handling charge Welding, machining, or testing for this work. However, forgings will be purchased from a competent supplier after he has satisfied the company's metallurgist that his forgings will meet , the specifications. Supply, Expediting, Quality Control, Production and other departments will each have one man assigned to follow this project from start to finish. Forms and records are available for your review. Our organization is familiar with Oceanics' requirements from knowledge gained as a result of previous work accomplished for your division. Atomic Products Company submitted a lower estimated price, guaranteed the equipment, was more suitably located, and would meet the required delivery date.

Detailed Guidance Essay Example for Free

Detailed Guidance Essay The key to doing well on this task is detail. Several sections require that you analyze information. This requires that you read carefully, think deeply and show your insight that you gained from the information provided in the case study. A1. Utah Symphony Strengths and Weaknesses When picking out the strengths and weaknesses of symphony there isn ¿t a list to which you can refer. Rather, you will want to read the case study carefully and to use your insight to discover indications of strengths and weaknesses in the data provided in the case. Be sure to cite examples and to address all four required areas including: financial strengths/financial weaknesses leadership strengths/leadership weaknesses of the symphony. The key will be to think deeply about the facts of the case and to provide insightful responses. When considering financial strengths and weaknesses some items that you might consider include: profitability, stability, capital availability, reliance on revenue streams, fundraising, endowment sizes, expenses structures, policies that effect finances etc. and anything that you believe would affect the finances of the firm in a positive or negative way. When considering leadership strengths and weaknesses your focus should be on the leaders of the symphony, Keith Lockhart. What his strengths that you can make a case would improve is effectiveness as a leader? What are his weaknesses that would lessen his effectiveness as leader? Another thing to consider would be if there are any vacant key positions that would influence the leadership of the organization. Be sure to expound upon each strength and weakness. For a hypothetical example; if I were to indicate that the opera had a profit I would further indicate whether this was a strength because it was significant or I could as easily support that it the profit was so small in relation to its expense structure that the level of profitability was actual a financial weakness.  Now that I had made a general claim I would bring in the numbers from the case study to support my claim and then move on to the next strength or weakness. The key will be to discuss each strength and weakness enough to establish that it is, in fact, a strength or a weakness. A1a. Steps for Utah Symphony Now you ¿ve provided some really good insight in your discussion about weaknesses for the symphony and in doing so you have identified a number of weaknesses. The evaluators will be looking to see that you ¿ve provide recommendations of key steps that Anne can take for each of the weaknesses that you identified in your discussion. Also, with regard to key steps you will want to identify specific actions that Anne can take. For examples if one of the weaknesses is poor fundraising you might suggest that Anne sets aside a period of time each week during which she can employ her fundraising skills to improve fundraising. The recommendations of steps that she can take can be common-sense, basic steps (nothing fancy) but that would be effective in dealing with the weaknesses. A2. Utah Opera Strengths and Weaknesses Review the case study carefully to find examples of the strengths and weaknesses in the financial and leadership aspects of the symphony. Be sure to cite examples and to address all four required areas including: financial strengths/financial weaknesses leadership strengths/leadership weaknesses. The key will be to think deeply about the facts of the case and to provide insightful responses. When considering financial strengths and weaknesses some items that you might consider include: profitability, stability, capital, liquidity, revenue streams, fundraising, endowment sizes, expenses structures, policies that effect finances etc. When considering leadership strengths and weaknesses your focus should be on Anne Ewers. What are her leadership strengths? What are her strengths that you can make a case for would assist her ability to lead? What are her leadership weaknesses? Does she have any personal liabilities that would  weaken her ability to lead. Be sure to expound upon each strength and weakness. For a hypothetical example; if I were to indicate that the symphony had a profit I would further indicate whether this was a strength because it was significant or I could as easily support that it the profit was so small in relation to its expense structure that the level of profitability was actual a financial weakness. Now that I had made a general claim I would bring in the numbers from the case study to support my claim and then move on to the next strength or weakness. The key will be to discuss each strength and weakness enough to establish that it is, in fact, a strength or a weakness. A2a. Steps for Utah Opera Now you ¿ve provided some good insight in your discussion about weaknesses for the Opera and in doing so you have identified a number of weaknesses. The evaluators will be looking to see that you ¿ve provide recommendations of key steps that Anne can take for each of the weaknesses that you identified in your discussion. Also, with regard to key steps you will want to identify specific actions that Anne can take. For examples if one of the weaknesses is poor fundraising you might suggest that Anne sets aside a period of time each week during which she can employ her fundraising skills to improve fundraising. The recommendations of steps that she can take can be common-sense, basic steps (nothing fancy) but that would be effective in dealing with the weaknesses. A3. Scorecard Aspects Find and download the Balanced Scorecard document given to you in Task Stream. The balanced scorecard is not covered in your book. Look at the book from SkillPort  ¿ Performance Drivers: A Practical Guide to Using the Balanced Scorecard. This is where the template came from. Read chapter 1, 2 and 3 to best understand it.  ¿Compare the information in the current scorecards for each company to the cultures you can discern from the case study. Do you think the scorecards adequately address the strengths and weaknesses? Why or why not? B. Merged Company Balanced Scorecard (Create a Balanced Scorecard for the merged company using the strategic goals. These goals are given to you in the directions for the task (see information above the questions).  ¿Don ¿t just combine the symphony and opera goals, CSF ¿s and measurement.  ¿Use the strategic goals to develop a goal for each of the four aspects. Now, be creative, what should the critical success factors and measurements be?  ¿Make sure to create and include a vision statement and a business model statement (you can use the ones on the symphony and opera balanced scorecards as a model). When creating the goals for the individual sections of the balanced scorecard you will want to create goals that are specific to the section (finance, customer, internal etc.) but that, if achieved, would help the company to achieve the five first-year strategic goals that are identified at the top of the task. C. Merged Company Strengths and Weaknesses The key here is to analyze the company utilizing the balances scorecard as an analytical tool. In earlier sections you had to analyze strengths and weaknesses as you pull them out of the facts of a case study. However, now you have been introduced to a new analytical tool; the balanced scorecard and you will need to analyze each element of the balanced scorecard. You should analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the merged company addressing each section of the scorecard e.g. financial customer, internal process learning and growth. D. Issues From reading the case study and after reading about change management in Chapter 18 of the Kreitner and Kinicki, discuss an issue in each of the 3 areas (finance, human resources, and customer satisfaction) then include good mitigating steps that Anne could take to prevent the problem.†¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨D1. Mitigating Actions This section requires that you identify 3 actions that Anne can immediately take to mitigate the three issues you identified above. (You should provide one recommendation for each of the issues that you identified in part D.) You should not only identify, but should also  explain, exactly what Anne should do for each of the three recommendations that you provide. †¨E. In-Text Citations and References in APA Format Every reference that is listed on the Reference list should have been cited in-text in your response. If you did not cite something in-text it should be taken off of this reference list. However, at minimum you should cite the case study and the course textbook and there should be corresponding in-text citations within your response.

Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment

Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Oil and gas exploration and production activities have increased tremendously as petroleum has become the backbone of the worlds economy. The industry has expanded significantly throughout the world. As the oil and gas industry enlarges throughout the world, its impacts on lives and environment have been appalling. Numerous spills, fires, toxic emissions, blowouts and personnel injuries have been recorded in recent times in the oil industry. The most recent one is the Macondo disaster with its tragic loss of life, devastating impact on the Gulf Coast and financial loss to the companies involved. Culpable companies have lost billions of dollars due to lawsuits, compensations and oil spill clean-ups. This has led to some oil companies collapsing and others suffering credibility loss in the industry. Concerns about how HSE flaws are killing people, damaging properties, polluting the environment and killing businesses have been raised by stakeholders, workers and the general public. New reforms have been made with regulators making HSE a business case for companies more especially small-to medium- sized companies. Managers of these small to medium companies must have a company policy of achieving environmental and business goals through HSE. Legislation should be made with full compliance by both employers and employees. There should be performance monitoring and continual improvement in these policies. However, the success of whichever process or system in place still hinges on the attitudes and behaviours of people in the company[Health safety Executive, 2011]. This report elaborates on the need to incorporate HSE into business and describes how good HSE management system could be implemented by small- to medium- sized oil businesses. 1.0 Introduction The major aim of employing HSE in business is to take advanced precautions against workplace accidents, environmental impacts as well as financial losses due to accidents and environmental pollutions. A companys attitude towards HSE affects the workforce, surrounding environment and business productivity. The decision to integrate HSE into business is a high level policy direction of a company. Many businesses adopted this tool and have made tremendous gains. It is on this premises that this report seeks to highlight the need for small- to medium- size oil companies to inccorparate HSE into business irrespective of the cost. The report also describes how HSE management systems could be implemented. Small-to medium-sized companies should not see spending money on HSE as expensive add on to companys budget but a profitable investment. These companies should forecast the benefits that could be reaped in future. This analysis will give an opportunity to compare the financial costs involved in the implementation of HSE management systems and benefits reaped after implementation. The method of HSE implementation should be understandable and practical to all the people that are affected by these systems. An important necessity is that, the management systems at all levels must be clearly defined in a written document that is available to all. 2.0 Discussion Small to medium size Oil Companies should integrate HSE into business as bottom-line of business success. Managers must first consider the economic influence that accidents and environmental pollutions have on the business before taking this decision. 2.1 Costs versus Benefit Managers have to analyse how much it will cost the business to introduce HSE management system and the cost of accident or environmental pollution if it occurred. The cost of implementing HSE management systems could be high. Indeed running a good HSE systems come with higher costs. These costs should be seen as investment but not liabilities because the business turns to gain greatly if the objectives of running such systems are achieved. Cost and benefit analysis on the implementation of HSE management systems will always prove that safety is good business [Offshore Contractors Association, 2003] 2.2 Objectives of HSE in Business HSE is incorporated into business with the aim of: A safer working environment Improved morale and motivation amongst workers A healthier working environment Increased performance levels Avoiding civil claims, court fines and litigations Reducing insurance cost Reducing sickness and accidents Reducing impacts to the environment. Improving public image Increasing growth Conforming to standards and regulations in the industry. [OCA, 2003] 2.3 Health, Safety and Environment Management System HSE Management systems ensure that HSE issues are systematically identified, controlled and monitored within the business. 2.4 Policy Proper HSE management require an HSE policy statement, stating the companys commitment to the health and safety of workers as well the environment. Management must demonstrate high commitment to this framework, setting HSE in perspective with business objectives. The policy statement should serve as the foundation for the implementation of the HSE management system. It should be the basis of any HSE decisions and actions. Employers and employees must understand this framework and what is require of them in order to realise the business targets. To make the HSE policy effective, management and employees must be committed to it. The policy statement should outline the obligations and answerability of management and supervisors as well as employees. The policy must be subjected to continual review. HSE program has to be developed to meet the objectives and commitments of the HSE policy. 2.5 Hazards Identification and Risk Assessment To ensure that HSE becomes a business culture, management must develop structures and systems which are intended to control risk based on hazard identification and risk assessment. Anything or practices that have the potential to harm life, health, environment and properties should be identified. Some hazards are easily identifiable because they are common to the industry where as others are not. Managers must involve the employees in the hazards identification because they are the people which are affected directly by these hazards. They should enquire from them which of the machines, equipment, procedures and practices endanger their lives. They should also consult environmental specialists to know which of their actions and operations pose dangers to the environment. Managers should check through workplace accident records to find out which of the companys operations have been causing injuries and fatalities over the years. Identified hazards must be assessed to know the seriousness of each one of them and measures to control these hazards should be decided. Controlling the risks associated with these identified hazards, reduce ill health and accidents at the work place. Managers and employees should continually look for hazards at the workplace because some hazards are only discovered with time such as sicknesses caused by long- term exposure to certain radiations and chemicals. The hazards discovered must be ranked as being High, Medium or Low to know the best action to take in each case. 2.6 Risk Management and Implementation Measures have to be adopted to get rid of hazards or minimize them. For example if risk involves hazardous chemicals, it should be replaced with an alternative chemical less harmful. In other cases, the use of alternative work methods, design improvements, change of process can eliminate the risk. Management should involve employees in the entire process of risk management. They should ask workers of any possible solution before it is implemented. They should check that, the measures taking do not cause any new unforeseen hazards. 2.7 Measuring performance The degree of success of the HSE management systems should be established. Management should evaluate the systems to know if the objectives of implementation is being realised. Performance measuring would help management to collect and analyse information about flaws in the HSE management systems. Injuries and accidents should be investigated thoroughly to know their cause. Measures should be made to prevent such accidents and injuries from occurring again. Management should make sure there is regular check on safety equipment to make sure all these are functioning well. If a flaw is detected in any of the safety equipment, it should be repaired or replaced with a new one. 2.8 Reviewing performance and auditing Auditing gives management the opportunity to collect information on the efficiency, effectiveness and reliability of the HSE management system. Auditing enable management to ensure that companys policy is being carried out and the desired impact is being made. There should be regular auditing to assess the systems to know the level of success chalk with the implementation of the system. Any poor practise uncovered should be dealt with. 3.0 Justification/Benefits of HSE It really makes a good business sense to invest in HSE initiatives because the returns are enormous. HSE initiatives protect business from financial losses linked to safety and environmental problems. Lawsuits or fines emanating from accidents are avoided. Such cost can impose an enormous burden on the business. For example, HSE mismanagement led to the death of 15 workers and 108 people in the march 2005, Texas City refinery blast. The CBSs,2007 investigation report highlighted safety culture, regulatory oversight, process safety metrics and human factor as the main cause of the disaster. The report also states that Cost cutting and failure to invest in the 1990s by Amoco and then BP left the Texas City refinery vulnerable to a catastrophe [National Wildlife Federations report, 2010] Many businesses which suffer major accidents struggle to remain in business and usually end up collapsing or trading their assets off. The Texas Refinery after the blast struggled to come back to operation due to huge financial burden on the company. Eventually, the refinery was sold to Marathon Petroleum Corporation in October 2012. Safety and health of workers yield quality output which translates to higher productivity and profit because lost work time due to sick leaves, absenteeism is significantly reduced. HSE in business increases morale of workers because if workers do not encounter frequent accidents at workplace, it motivates them to give their best output. Contrary, they will adopt a lukewarm attitude towards work if injuries are common in their working environment. Most workers would move to other companies because they feel unsafe. Company may lose competent workers and will impact negatively on productivity. There is also a reputation gain associated with good HSE records leading to business growth. A good reputation invites and retains clients. It makes a company enjoy repeat business from existing clients and also win new contracts ahead of their competitors. 4.0 Conclusion Small to medium sized oil companies in their attempt to grow business to a larger one should make Health, Safety and Environment initiatives, the prime item on their list of initiatives to achieve business goals. They should be concerned with the health and safety of workforce as well as the impacts the business makes on the environment, because the occurrence of a major accident would be detrimental. The financial consequences of an accident coupled with the associated business disruption could force a heavy burden on the company. Some larger companies have suffered this in the past and could not survive. If any smaller company thinks, integrating and managing HSE systems in business is expensive, let them try accidents. Small to medium sized oil companies should know that prevention of accidents and pollutions is not only better but cheaper than cure. WORD COUNT: 1,820 References ALLAN, J.H., 1999. Health and Safety at Work. Fifth edition. Leicestershire: IOSH and IOSH Services Limited. WATERHOUSE P.,2002. Health and safety: Risk Management. second edition. Leicestershire: IOSH Services Limited. OFFSHORE CONTRACTING ASSOCIATION, 2003. Guidance Notes of Good Contracting Practice- HSE Guidance for SMEs.[online].Aberdeen: OCA. Available from: http:/www.ocainternet.com/publications/HSEguidanceforSMEs.pdf [Accessed 14 November 2012]. GREENSTREET, B., 2004. The development of case studies that demonstrate the business benefit of effective management of occupational health and safety: Research report 249,.[online]. Reading: Health Safety Executive. Available from: http:/www.hse.gov.uk/research/rrpdf/rr249.pdf [Accessed 12th November 2012] CHEMICAL SAFETY BOARD, 2007. Investigation Report-refinery explosion and fire.Reportno.2005-04-I-TX. [online]. Texas: CSBAvailable from:http:/www.csb.gov/assets/documents/CSBFinalReportBP.pdf. [Assessed 10th November 2012]. NATIONAL WILDLIFE FEDRATION, 2010. Assault on America: A Decade of Petroleum Company Disaster, Pollution and Profit. [online]. US: NWF Available from: http:/www.motherjones.com/files/NWF_OilSpillsExplosions_pages.pdf [Accessed 19 November 2012]. HEALTH SAFETY EXECUTIVE, 2011. Huntsman Petrochemical.[online] UK: HSE. Available from:http:/www.hse.gov.uk/business/casestudy/huntsman.htm [Accessed 20 November 2012]. HEALTH SAFETY AND EXECUTIVE, 2011. Health and Safety made simple- The basics for your business. [online]. UK:HSE.  Available from:http:/www.hse.gov.uk/simple-health-safety/ [Accessed 30 October 2012]. MARATHON PETROLEUM CORPORATION, 2012. Marathon Petroleum to purchase BPs Texas City Refinery [online] Ohio:MPC.  Available from:http://www.marathonpetroleum.com/News/Press_Releases/Press_Release/?id=1742579[Accessed 2nd November 2012]

Role of ICE in Tourism Industry

Role of ICE in Tourism Industry The Tourism industry today is highly competitive and generates considerable income for every destination of interest, and has arguably become economically indispensable. In the last decade, the structure and operational aspects of the industry have been undergoing significant changes in an attempt to keep up with Social and Economic developments as a result of the fast dispersal of the Internet and increasing E-Business; all of which have impacted on the demand for tourism products and the manner in which they can be obtained. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is being used in a multitude of overlapping activities within the Tourism sector, ranging from internal organisational functions to external communication between different parts of the industry, as well as facilitating how employees of the industry perform their jobs and how consumers experiences are enhanced. In other words the application of ICT is affecting the entire Tourism Value Chain (Buhalis, 2003). Its fair to say that in light of this, the continuous development of ICT has profound implications in the way the industry managed. With the implementation of new forms of ICT, an innovative type of E-Tourism has emerged that is radically transforming the Tourism industry on a world wide scale; the effects of which are discussed in more detail on the pages that follow. Since the early 1960’s when the first Computer Reservation Systems (CRS) was introduced, which according to Fesenmaier (2000) changed the way Tourism Operators conducted business in the sector; four interrelated eras can been identified (Frangialli, 1998). The Data Processing era in the 1960s; Management Information Systems era in the 1970s; Strategic Information Systems era in the 1980s and the Emerging Network era in the 1990s. Since their introduction many of these systems have been changed from their original appearance, new tools have emerged to take advantage of the benefits introduced by these systems, not least of all the Emerging Network era where the internet has significantly enhanced the operational aspects of the sector in general. It is fair to argue that the Internet has had considerable impact on the application of Tourism management, as people are able to obtain all their travel information and services at home via the Internet. The distribution of travel and tourism products using the Internet has bought about significant cost advantages for providers of Tourism services, and increased customer satisfaction as they provide a full service to their consumers. It is unquestionable, this revolutionary development is accountable for much of the technological developments at the heart of the industry today (Poon, 1993) which has evolved as a result of the Network era, identified above, and has led to further developments in the form of Mobile Commerce (M-Commerce). Keen and Macintosh (2001) stress that M-Commerce is marking the start of a fifth era of innovation and will continue to extend the way Tourism organisations conduct business. Moreover, according to Keen and Macintosh (2001), those who adopt new ICT and those who manage partner relationships more dynamically, will expand their market share even further by taking advantage of new developments. Just as CRS changed the way Travel Operators conducted their business, technologies, such as WiFi and WiMax [same as Wi-Fi only on much larger scale] are now changing the way Operators communicate with consumers. Academics such as Kalakota, (2001) suggest that Wi-Fi and M-Commerce, are key technological developments with wide-ranging benefits to the tourism industry. Wi-Fi stands for wireless fidelity and in simple terms means that computers, peripherals and connectivity to the Internet no longer need to be connected physically, creating a completely wire free system. The benefits of such a system include the costs of setting up are reduced as cabling is expensive, disruptive and not always possible. Wi-Fi allows wider networks, because it does not need to be limited to those machines which are physically linked, fostering greater mobility as people are no-longer restricted to working only at their desks. As a result of these reasons, the cost of creating Wi-Fi networks in places like coffee shops for example are low, which has lead to the creation of many new â€Å"Wi-Fi hotspots† encouraging visitors to linger and spend more on refreshments for example. Hotels are also taking advantage of the benefits and offering Wi-Fi services to all its guests at next to nothing. Furthermore, the implications for major visitor attractions are equally exciting. For example visitors to museums could use along their own Wi-Fi enabled device and access the museum website in their own language and obtain information on exhibits and so on. Service providers are building nationwide networks of Wi-Fi hotspots that can be accessed for a fee, and it is this partner relationship within the Tourist sector which needs to be managed more dynamically, and Tourism organisations need to nurture this relationship in order to provide the services consumers are expecting. A key example of this partner relationship can be witnessed at Heathrow Terminal 1, Paddington station, selected Hilton Hotels, as well as many pubs, as examples of Organisations who have paired up with Wi-Fi service providers, and taking advantage of this Technology. According to Aramberri (2001), these developments have changed the way Tourism Organisations operate, as these developments have led to consumers demanding more services, and changed the end to end process that restricted the services provided by organisations before the Network Era. In other words new ICT has both facilitated more demanding consumers, but also enabled Operators to heighten the travelling experience. Thus, in order to compete for market share Travel operators need to find new and innovative ways in applying ICT to the services they are offering. A key example of this can be illustrated with location-based services (LBS) which refers to information services accessible through a mobile handset, based on geographical location. According to Kpper, (2005) Tourism is among the first industries taking advantage of LBS, despite some doubt concerning the compatibility of some devices, with regards to operating systems, data formats, and limitations in user interfaces. In other words at present there is no generic LBS that could run on any device. In addition with regards to the application of ICT across the industry, it is now faced with a number of challenges. The Internet allows consumers to obtain information concerning their choices, it is still difficult to judge the credibility of this information, and in the absence of sufficient regulation, consumers still are concerned with the risks. Furthermore, there are still some areas in the Tourism industry that are not actively involved in the utilisation of ICT, and one the key developments through the eras identified above has been the complete utilisation of that system across the entire sector, and there is a risk given the pace of technological development that some aspects of the industry may get left behind. This would reduce the competitiveness of the industry and remove one of the key drivers for change within the sector. In summary ICT, particularly in the form of M-Commerce as a result of Wi-Fi enabled services has had profound implications for the operation of the tourism industry in three main areas. Firstly it has radically altered the way in which information is transmitted throughout the industry. Hence, it changes and challenges the way in which Tourism services are delivered and requires that Operators find new ways to satisfy tourists’ needs and that the needs are satisfied on demand. Secondly, the use of ICT is driven by the development of complex demands, as well as by the rapid expansion and sophistication of new products, such as the development of LBS, which as a result has enhanced the need for a wider network of Operators to include other businesses which traditionally do not form part of the Tourism sector such as service providers and mobile handset producers. Finally ICT has gone some way to bridge the distance between consumers and suppliers. It changes the best operational practices in the industry and enables innovative Operators to take advantage of the emerging tools and get closer to consumers. In conclusion ICT is a strategic tool used to enhance profitability and competitiveness of the Tourism sector and the future destination and competitiveness of the sector depends upon the successful implementation and management of this fifth technological era. References Abowd, G. D., et al. (1997): Cyberguide: A mobile context-aware tour guide, ACM Wireless Networks, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 421-433. Aramberri, J. (2001): The host should get lost: paradigms in tourism theory, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 738-761. Buhalis, D., 2003, eTourism: Information Technology for strategic tourism management, Pearson. Fesenmaier, D., et al., Eds. (2000): Information and communication technologies in tourism, Springer. Fodness, D. and B. Murry (1997): Tourist information search, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 503-523. Guerley, W. (2000), â€Å"Making Sense of the Wireless Web†, Fortune, August 15. Available at: www.fortune.com Kalakota, R., and Robinson, M. (2001), M-Business: The Race to Mobility. New York: McGraw-Hill. Keen, P., and Mackintosh, R. (2001), The Freedom Economy: Gaining the M-commerce Edge in the Era of the Wireless Internet. Berkeley, CA: Osborne/McGraw-Hill. Kpper, A (2005), Location-Based Services: Fundamentals and Operation: Fundamentals and Application. John Wiley and Sons Ltd. 2nd Edition Laudon, K., Traver, C., 2002, eCommerce: Business, technology, society, Addison Wesley, Boston. Moore, K., et al. (1995): Behavioural conceptualization of tourism and leisure, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 67-85. Snepenger, D. J., et al. (1990): Information search strategies by destination-naive tourists, Journal of Travel Research, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 13-16. Tribe, J. (1999): Economics of Leisure and Tourism, Butterworth-Heinemann, London. V.K. (2002), Global M-commerce – Business Opportunities for Wireless Data Services; in World Market Series

Martin Luther Essay examples -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Martin Luther grew up in a time when there was basically one religion to look upon. Luther was born on November 10, 1483, in Eisleben, Germany. He was raised Catholic by his family that was held together by his father, Hans. Hans was a miner, and he worked his way up to the middle class by leasing mines and furnaces. With the money that he earned, he bought his family a house, and he became a well-respected citizen of their new hometown, Mansfeld. At seven years old, Martin began his schooling to fill his father’s dream of becoming a lawyer. At school, he learned the basics and was taught Latin. The students were not only to learn how to speak Latin, but they also had to speak the language at all times. At age thirteen, a new school boarded young Luther. He was sent thirty miles north to the city of Magdenburg. His time spent there was short. The year that he attended the school, he learned of his ambition to serve God. Luther spoke fondly of the Brothers at the school. They showed Luther what it was like to witness God’s power. Martin finished off his boarding school years at St. George’s School, located in Eisenach. Luther had many great memories of St. George’s, including one of his teachers, Johann Trebonius. Luther enjoyed Trebonius’ teachings because of the equality that was displayed between the students and the teacher. St. George’s also gave Luther the ability to see what a life of the religious order was like. In 1501, Martin left Eise...

harry potter :: essays research papers

Book Report 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My book report is on Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets by J.K. Rowling.2. The setting of this book takes place at Hogwarts, a magical school for wizards that Harry Potter attended the previous year. The story doesn’t exactly have a date in which the story takes place but it’s in modern times.3. The plot of the story is about Harry and his adventure in trying to find out the mystery of the chamber of secrets hidden somewhere in Hogwarts. 4. A.Harry Potter is the main character of the story. He’s a twelve year old boy with messy hair and glasses who became famous within the wizard community. He often finds himself in dangerous adventures but always lives to tell about it. B. Ron is Harry’s best friend at Hogwarts. He’s tall with red hair and is from a respected but poor family. Ron uses experience and a process of trial and error to solve most mysteries. 5. A. One major conflict that had happen in the story was how Harry thought he couldn’t go to Hogwarts because his aunt and uncle wouldn’t let him out of his room. This conflict was solved however because Harry’s friend Ron came in a flying car and picked him up out of his window. B. Another conflict that happened in the story was how Ron’s sister started acting strangely weird and kept being put under these trances. She somehow disappears and is missing. This conflict was resolved by Harry finding the chamber of secrets and looked for her. He eventually found her. C. One more conflict that happened was who was causing all the mischief at Hogwarts. This conflict was resolved when Harry found the chamber of secrets and fought Tom Riddle. 6. The story ends by Harry going into the chamber of secrets and finding Tom Riddle there with Ginny’s still body. Tom summons a giant snake. Harry fights the snake and defeats it. Harry then sticks one of the snakes’ fangs into the diary and defeats Tom.

Drown Compare & contrast :: essays research papers

In this Paper I will compare and contrast the some of the relationships in "Everyday Use" by Alice Walker, to Drown by Junot Diaz. Dee and maggie are sister in "Everyday Use". Dee is outgoing and ambitious, Maggie is shy and lazy. Maggie envies Dee, but also fears her. They act more like co-workers than siblings. In the story they don't appear to interact with each other often, which makes it difficult to develop a relationship.From the story it doesn't illustrate them ever having a close connection probably due to Maggie's shyness and envy. Alice Walker writes "Maggie will be be nervous until after her sister goes: she will stand hopelessly in corners homely and ashamed of the burn scars down her arms and legs, eyeing her sister with a mixture of envy and awe. She thinks her sister has held life always in the palm of one hand, that "no" is a word never learned to say to her." Dee(Wangero) is the most dominant one out of the two, which is no surprise since she tries take the quilts from Dee (Wangero). I found it I found it odd that she wanted those quilts because of her he ritage, when she completely disgraced her heritage when she traded her own name in for Wangero. Alice writes : "You know as well as me yhou was named after you aunt Dicie." I said. Dicie is my sister, She name Dee. We called her "Big Dee" after Dee was born. "But who was she named after?" asked Wangero. "I guess agter Grandma Dee," I said. "And who was she name after?" asked Wangero. "Her mother," I said, and saw Wangero was getting tired. "That's about as far back as I can trace it," I said. Though, in fact, I probably could have carried it back beyond the civil war through the branches. Her name had been passed down from generation to generation before Dee received it. Obviously the name had great importance in her family. Her mother could trace the name back to the civil war and connect it with specific people in her family. Alice Walker write's "you just don't understand," she said , as Maggie and I came out to the car. "what don't I understand?" I wanted to know. "Your heritage," she said".She criticize her mother about not understanding their heritage though, she places her heritage on those quilts instead of continuing the family name that was handed down to her.

A Clean Well Lighted Place Analysis Essay

A Clean Well Lighted Place by Ernest Hemingway is a cryptic short story about a deaf man in a bar late at night with the waiter getting frustrated with him because he wishes to go home. The dialogue slowly turns to two waiters who inject a symbolic exchange. This entire piece of full of symbology and is in my opinion a story up the the interpretation of each individual reader. â€Å"In the daytime the street was dusty, but at night the dew settled the dust and the old man liked to sit late because he was deaf and now at night it was quiet and he felt the difference. In this sequence we see the first comparison made between light and darkness, and we see the daytime being described as dusty and the in the night the dew eliminated the dust. This state of moistness or lubrication perhaps represents a state of mental lubrication, free from the dullness of the day. It’s also interesting that a deaf man would be able to tell the difference between the sounds of the day and sounds of the night. In my opinion this means that at night when it’s expected to be desolate the man feels more at home than he does in the daytime when there is expected to be commotion. â€Å"Last week he tried to commit suicide,† one waiter said. â€Å"Why? † â€Å"He was in despair. † â€Å"What about? † â€Å"Nothing. † â€Å"How do you know it was nothing? † â€Å"He has plenty of money. â€Å"† This is a humorous dialogue about the condition of money vs happiness. The man is described as being in despair, but yet they know now what he has to be despaired about if he has means to provide him happiness. However they do not see the true ironic sadness of the situation. A old man is sitting alone in a cafe at night downing shots of brandy. It is obvious to the reader that the old man does not have a very pleasant life. They sat together at a table that was close against the wall near the door of the cafe and looked at the terrace where the tables were all empty except where the old man sat in the shadow of the leaves of the tree that moved slightly in the wind. A girl and a soldier went by in the street. The street light shone on the brass number on his collar. The girl wore no head covering and hurried beside him. † This is the second time the â€Å"shadow of the leaves of the tree† is mentioned, this is demonstrative by the author that this is important and essential symbology to understand. Obviously the eaves can produce no real shadow since it’s night, however since it is under an electric light the leaves produce a false shadow from a false light. The legal definition of false light is a â€Å"portrayal that is highly offense to a reasonable person† but not so much so that it’s defamation. This allows the old man sitting there to perhaps portray himself as offensive to the waiter, as we will see in a later exchange, but not so much so that he defames himself. The man is also able to view from the terrace the soldier and the women passing by. This might be the man looking down and reminiscing on memories of old. Another exchange that struck me was between the two waits discussing the events of the attempted suicide of the man. â€Å"†He’s drunk now,† he said. â€Å"He’s drunk every night. † â€Å"What did he want to kill himself for? † â€Å"How should I know. † â€Å"How did he do it? † â€Å"He hung himself with a rope. † â€Å"Who cut him down? † â€Å"His niece. † â€Å"Why did they do it? † â€Å"Fear for his soul. † â€Å"How much money has he got? † â€Å"He’s got plenty. † This exchange shows the audience the severity of this mans drinking, and drinking almost goes without symbology itself as an expression of relieving anything from stress, to recreation, to wallowing in pity. They again fail to recognize the plight and sorrow this man has, they suffer from a delusion that this man’s great wealth brings him joy and happiness, however again we can tell that it doesn’t. The waiter’s also state that the man’s niece who came and saved him did so out of fear for his soul, not fear for his life, but fear for his soul. To me this is indicative that this man’s life is in such a sorrowful that it’s not worth saving, but his soul is all that remains of him, and the only thing that is worth saving of him. Again we see in the continued dialogue between the two waiters, and we see the more they speak the more they reveal about this man. They also continue to speak about him in a false light, that is being offensive without defamation. â€Å"†He stays up because he likes it. † â€Å"He’s lonely. I’m not lonely. I have a wife waiting in bed for me. † â€Å"He had a wife once too. † â€Å"A wife would be no good to him now. † â€Å"You can’t tell. He might be better with a wife. † â€Å"His niece looks after him. You said she cut him down. † â€Å"I know. † â€Å"I wouldn’t want to be that old. An old man is a nasty thing. † â€Å"Not always. This old man is clean. He drinks without spilling. Even now, drunk. Look at him. † â€Å"I don’t want to look at him. I wish he would go home. He has no regard for those who must work. † The man stays up late because he is lonely, and had a wife, but the other waiter speaks of him in a false light because he says â€Å"A wife would be no good to him now† which would be in my opinion considered offensive. They also speak ill of his age, however the other waiter defends him by saying he is clean and doesn’t spill, even while drunk. Being clean represents the man exercising a lack of vulgarity, and he is civilized and dignified by not spilling, even in a compromised state of being intoxicated. They also continue to be offensive to him by one of the waiters stating â€Å"I don’t want to look at him. I wish he would go home. He has no regard for those who must work† The exchange between the two waiters further reveal the reason and life behind the lonely man in the cafe. â€Å"†Why didn’t you let him stay and drink? † the unhurried waiter asked. They were putting up the shutters. â€Å"It is not half-past two. â€Å"†I want to go home to bed. † â€Å"What is an hour? † â€Å"More to me than to him. † â€Å"An hour is the same. â€Å" â€Å"You talk like an old man yourself. He can buy a bottle and drink at home. † â€Å"It’s not the same. â€Å"No, it is not,† agreed the waiter with a wife. He did not wish to be unjust. He was only in a hurry. â€Å"And you? You have no fear of going home before your usual hour? † â€Å"Are you trying to insult me? † â€Å"No, hombre, only to make a joke. † â€Å"No,† the waiter who was in a hurry said, rising from pulling down the metal shutters. â€Å"I have confidence. I am all confidence. † â€Å"You have youth, confidence, and a job,† the older waiter said. â€Å"You have everything. † â€Å"And what do you lack? † â€Å"Everything but work. † â€Å"You have everything I have. † â€Å"No. I have never had confidence and I am not young. † â€Å"Come on. Stop talking nonsense and lock up. † â€Å"I am of those who like to stay late at the cafe,† the older waiter said. â€Å"With all those who do not want to go to bed. With all those who need a light for the night. † â€Å"I want to go home and into bed. † The hurried waiter speaks that he wishes to leave so he can get some sleep, and they reveal that the extra hour saved by the waiter meant more to the man than it did to the waiter. The two waiter’s eventually get into the topic of having youth and confidence, where one states that he has great confidence and youth and the other says he has never had confidence and is not young. This statement reveals more about the nature of the old man, showing that the old man lacked youth and confidence that he used to have, and drinks to regain what’s left of his dignity and pride, as demonstrated earlier. The older waiter also states that he doesn’t desire to leave earlier, as to provide a sebastion of hope and light for those who need it, like the deaf man. The waiter thinking to himself while sitting at the bar shows us the real reason why the deaf man tries to commit suicide, and the real reason why a clean and well-lighted place is needed in the middle of the night. Turning off the electric light he continued the conversation with himself. It was the light of course but it is necessary that the place be clean and pleasant. You do not want music. Certainly you do not want music. Nor can you stand before a bar with dignity although that is all that is provided for these hours. What did he fear? It was not a fear or dread. It was a nothing that he knew too well. It was all a nothing and a man was a nothing too. It was only that and light was all it needed and a certain cleanness and order. Some lived in it and never felt it but he knew it all was nada y pues nada y nada y pues nada. We see here now that the man wanted to end his life because it was nothing and he was nothing, and that a empty hollowness that he had. He did not despair and was not in grief, but simply felt an emptiness and only a clean well-lit place such as this cafe provided. In closing we find the older waiter conversing with himself â€Å"He disliked bars and bodegas. A clean, well-lighted cafe was a very different thing. Now, without thinking further, he would go home to his room. He would lie in the bed and finally, with daylight, he would go to sleep. After all, he said to himself, it’s probably only insomnia. Many must have it. † We find here that this older waiter does to some extent feel the same emptiness as the old man does. He find the daylight as a time to sleep, opposite of normal. He finds the daytime as a lack of activity, and the night as a time for activity. The waiter is in some ways institutionalized and imprisoned to the service of those who feel empty. After all of this we find the significance of all of this imagery and symbolism we see the story of a man whose life has essentially finished it’s course, only that his heart remains beating. We see a man who is often looked down upon because of the extent of his drinking and is seen in a â€Å"false light†. We find a man who does not drink to forget or drink to remember or drink because he is in sorrow or grief, but he drinks because of nothing. He drinks because he feels nothing and experiences nothing. We find that his wife and days of youth and confidence have left him and not he has absolutely nothing. This man and many others like this find cafe’s such as this one that are clean and well-lit to be bastions and beacons of hope to those who have this feeling of nothingness.

Personal Leadership Development Plan (PLDP) Essay

The Personal Leadership Development Plan is a resource tool to be used by associates of the PFR/ATTC Network Advanced Leadership Institute to organize and articulate their goals for what they want to learn and develop as a part of the institute experience. Similar to the Individual Leadership Development Plan that was completed as part of the basic PFR/ATTC Network Leadership Institute, this planning process is designed to help each associate personalize and focus their participation in the program. Each associate will use it to identify, plan, articulate, and document their development as they progress through the experience of the Institute. This plan should be developed, implemented, and revised by the associate, working in consultation with their supervisor, their coach, and the ALI program facilitators. The initial plan document is to be completed and submitted to the Midwest Center for Nonprofit Leadership within 30 days following the Immersion Week experience. Instructions for Completion: Please complete all of the sections of the plan form. Use the insights and perspectives that you have gained through the assessments, activities, and reflections of the Immersion Week to inform your choice of goals and strategies that you will seek to develop through the Advanced Leadership Institute. It is especially useful to have the help and support of your supervisor, so the Plan is to be developed in consultation with them and you are asked to secure your supervisor’s signature. This is a way to gain their commitment and support for your plans. The specific elements of the plan and the contents of each are as follows. Career Aspirations and Goals Leadership development goals and plans are useful and relevant when they are grounded in the leader’s aspirations for their career. Thus we ask you to explain your career direction, aspirations, and goals. For what purpose will you continue to build your leadership capacity? What aspirations for impact do you have, whether in your organization or in the larger field? Competencies to Develop Drawing on the insights you gain from the various elements of the ALI, especially the 360-degree feedback and the various elements of the Immersion Week assessments and discussions, please identify the key competencies (or sets of competencies) that you wish to develop to enhance your leadership capacity. These then will become the basis for your development goals and strategies. Long-Term Leadership Development Goals What specific goals will you work to accomplish, during the coming three to four years, to build your leadership capacity and enhance the potential for achieving your career goals? Be specific in stating three to five goals and indicate the competencies that will be developed through their accomplishment. ALI Developmental Activities (with Target Dates) After you have identified the competencies and long-term goals, then it is important to identify the activities that you will engage in during the coming year to begin to accomplish these goals. What specific activities will you implement, during the ALI events, the intersession period, and during the rest of the year, to continue to build your leadership capacity? In particular, please consider how you could leverage assignments at work and follow up on the ALI experiences and assessments (including organizing your work in the ALI team project) to gain maximal experience and benefit from each element as you continue to develop your leadership capacity.

Copland Summary Essay

Aaron Copland is a 20th century composer who was giving lectures at Harvard in 1951-1952. He was giving a lecture on the idea that listening is a great talent or gift one can posses. Copland believes that these listeners have the ability to listen, hear, and enjoy a piece of art based on an enjoyment factor or in primal terms, emotion. He also says that listeners should be able to evaluate critically such art, and come to their own conclusion or opinion. As you continue to read through his lecture, Copland states that in order to listen with skill, you need to be open-minded and reflect on the experience you felt. While closely paying attention to the experience, nothing should be telling the listener what they are going to hear. They should be able to comprehend the art and feel the, â€Å"Floodlight of one’s imagination,†(Paragraph two, Copland). While maintaining this ability to keep and open mind, a listener should be professional. However, at the same time retain an amateur status. This allows for a dual perception. It creates a lack of judgment and innocence, allowing for a more emotional interpretation. Copland believes that all artists alike find listeners pivotal in the artist community. This spiritual lending of ones self to art should concentrate the sentiments, not physically distance it self. Generally speaking, Copland finds the reaction of music intriguing. He ponders what this talented listener absorbs in art. Does he/she understand? If so, what in particular do they understand? He approaches the meaning of music or art, which he decides that it is many sided and will always be debated. This is because there are simply to many interpretations to consider. Music has become to, â€Å"professionalized.† A listener sees the natural beauty of such art, not the origins, and exercise of it. They rely on, â€Å"instinctive comprehension.†(Paragraph 12, Copland) They simply don’t weigh the personalization of music. Above all else, Copland says we all listen on a, â€Å"elementary plane of musical consciousness.†(Paragraph 13, Copland). However intuitively we all listen, it should always revolve and come back to the personal experience felt at the time. The primal impulse felt that feeds our evaluation and perception. Concluding that Copland believes we all hear, listen, enjoy or dislike and art piece based on emotion. The way it was originally suppose to be perceived. For this is all fundamentally we hear music Copland states. In addition to Copland’s theory of listeners, I pose my own question on the professionalism of music itself. I believe that the death of creativity in music is dripping away, in particular to mainstream, popular music. This brings a major significance considering that this is what the, â€Å"masses† deem okay. The great amounts of skill and precision have almost completely eroded away in artist. Everything has become digitalized, simple, and what seems as if it’s mindless. Aside from, I find this problematic because back in 50’s, 60’s, and 70’s, writing and creating music took skill. The artist took time to perfect their instruments, learn them, and appreciate them. Because of these processes, I firmly believe this is why GOOD music was created. Actual work went in to it. Now days anyone can simply hop onto a computer, lay down a beat in 4/4, and fulminate about nonsense. I am not stating there is no skill in ALL digital forms of music; for example, an artist of the name Big Chocolate creates music with extreme time signatures, which takes musical skill to pull off correctly. To conclude, the main reason I pose this question is because I find it interesting that the death of the artist is happening. It is no longer art, but just mere product at that point, which I find depressing. When I listen to the radio, and only hear the beat and rhythm of a girl saying banana, in 4/4, and a man â€Å"rapping† with no fluency, or even sense, I ponder why this is acceptable.

Impact of Qwl on Organizational Behaviour

REPORT Topic IMPACT OF QUALITY OF WORK-LIFE (QWL) ON ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR Submitted to Ma’am Mariam Pasha Submitted by Umm-e-Habiba Roll number BBC-09-17 INTRODUCTION Quality of work-life (QWL) is described as an individual’s experience related to their job. It may include broad categories and different dimensions like job satisfaction, satisfaction with the wages, hours, working condition and environment, work-life balance (balance between work and family). Today in this age of fierce competitive environment organizations should focus on the well-being of their employees.QWL is emphasized so that employees could be motivated to work efficiently towards their given goals. Stress at work could be reduced, so the employees feel satisfied with their jobs and maintain balance between their work and life. LITERATURE REVIEW From the past 30 years the concept of QWL has been used. Many problems has been faced regarding the definition and conceptualization of QWL. Different models like transfer model (spillover effect), compensation model and segmentation model etc was used to give definition of QWL (Martel, Dupuis, 2006).Research shows that the definition of QWL is also related to the definition of QOL (quality of life). But a new measuring instrument QWLSI (quality of worklife systematic inventory) was presented that allow the participants to assess QWL and their actions effectiveness regarding their organizational performance. For measuring QWL another measure was developed that depend on the satisfaction need and spillover theories. This measure was developed to check that whether work environment meet specific needs of the employee (Sirgy, Efraty, Siegel, Jinlee, 2001).That needs include social, economic and family, safety, knowledge, aesthetics and actualization needs. A hypothesis was also drawn from the spillover theories. Both the hypothesis and the new measure was supported well. Through continuous research different methods was proposed to m easure QWL by weighting satisfaction scores and using algorithms. Weighting satisfaction scores is commonly used scoring method in the measurement of quality of life. In a study SWLS (satisfaction with life scale) was taken as a global measure. The results show that SWLS did not give better performance (Wu, Yao, 2006).Locke’s theory was also included in study. The study shows that to weight satisfaction scores is not necessary and does not help improve global measure. It shows same result in the satisfaction with the job and its quality. However, in an old research a conceptual model was given that shows the relation between the pQL (perceived quality of life) and the organizational work. The model shows that the work at job could be influenced by the changing work, non-work life, its quality and work domain experiences (Rice, Farlin, Hunt, Near, 1985). It also shows social and psychological perspective of pQL and organizational work.There were many different arguments that w orker performance and organizational support are not related to the employee benefits. However, a model was developed that showed work-life benefits is directly related to workers performance, organizational behavior and indirectly to the organizational support (Lambert, 2000). The results show a positive relationship. But beside work-life benefits a firm productivity is also important that depend on the type of the workers hired by the firm. Firm who focus on hiring higher percentage of women and skilled workers show strong relationship with the work-life programs and productivity and vice versa.Professionals have high responsibility so they demand high as well. The programs have positive effect on productivity. Large firms are not willing to hire employees with high non-work responsibilities because it reduces their performance on job. Future research should study work-life mechanisms to understand well (Konrad, Mangel, 2000). One year after that a test was conducted which found t hat whether the intrinsic traits (autonomy, skills, challenges etc) or extrinsic traits (salaries, tangible benefits) affect satisfaction with the QWL.The results shows that in order to improve QWL organizations should pay more attention towards extrinsic factors as compared to the intrinsic factors (Lewis, Brazil, Krueger, Lohfeld, Tian, 2000). However few years later, a hypothesized model was given which shows that income which is an extrinsic trait is not directly related to the QWL under different variables like gender, status, job satisfaction and love of money. Income have either negative impact or no impact on the quality under the given variables, income and QWL also depend on these variables (Tang, 2007).The variables are also directly related to each other. IMPLICATIONS Working conditions is an important part of the job so that the employees feel satisfied with their work. The management of the organization must take actions that helps in improving the QWL and maintains th e balance between the work and life. Management must be supportive and the quality of the supervision must be improved so that employees can easily consult their supervisors in case of any issues at work and the supervisors understand their priorities well.Work load must be decreased in order to increase efficiency and satisfaction with work. Extrinsic factors include tangible benefits which play an important role in increasing the motivational level must also be focused. Nowadays, the management of the organizations facing the work-life issues which cannot be easily ignored because they effect the performance level so friendly policies and practices must be adopted and certain family and employee assistance programs must be initiated. REFERENCES Alison M. Konrad, R. M. (2000).The impact of work-life programs on firm productivity. Strategic Management Journal , 21, 1225-1237. Davis Lewis, K. B. (2001). Extrinsic and intrinsic determinants of QWL. Leadership in health sciences , 14, 9-15. Dupuis, J. P. (2006). Quality of work-life,theorectical and methodological problems and presentation of a new model and measuring instrument. Social Indicators Research , 77, 333-368. J. Lambert, S. (2000). Added benefits:The link between work-life benefits and organizational citizenship behavior. The Academy of Management Journal , 43, 801-815.M. Joseph Sirgy, D. E. (2001). A new measure of QWL based on Need satisfaction and Spillover Theories. Social Indicators Review , 55, 241-302. Robert W. Rice, D. B. (1985). Organizational work and the pQL:toward a conceptual modal. The Academy of Management Review , 10, 296-310. Tang, T. L. (2007). Income and quality of life:does the love for money make a difference? Journal of Business Ethics , 72, 375-393. Yao, C. H. (2006). Do we need to weight satisfaction scores with important ratings in measuring QWL. Social Idicators Research , 78, 305-326.

Inluence of Sport Science disciplines on Basketball Literature review

Inluence of Sport Science disciplines on Basketball - Literature review Example al., 2007). Different sciences that are related with sports help in enhancing the ability of the players to perform. The fitness and aerobic performances of the players could be measured through proper management of the abilities of the players and further develops the strength. Assessment of different skills will also help in enhancing the ability of the players and develop a safety towards the sports. By the assessment of their physical as well as the psychological factors, the performances of the players could be enhanced and developed (Choi & et. al., 2009). Sports sciences are predominant in every discipline irrespective of the mode of the performances of the players. It is often noted that diverse analysis conducted under the different factors of the sports sciences gives a clear picture of the varied performances and further develops the ability of the players to perform effectively. For a game like basketball, which involves huge amount of speed and continuous movement the development of the players, is an area of major concern for the organisations as well as the teachers. Basketball is a high intensive game that involves a continuous movement of the player both in short or long movements and hence physical fitness is of utmost importance. The game has a series of transitions, which involves movements like short sprints to jogging as well as walking. This transition needs huge amount of physical strength. Moreover, the players due to the lack of proper physical fitness will not be able to meet with the different movements in an eff ective manner. Therefore, sport sciences are required to develop the players by enhancing their performances effectively and by developing their kinetics. These factors of the sport sciences if developed would help to enhance the ability of the players to perform better (Stephens & et. al., 2007). With this regard, the paper elaborates on the different factors of