The Salem Witch Trails, By Frances Hill - 933 Words

Frances Hill, a specialist in the Salem witch trails, once described the event as â€Å"providing an astonishingly clear and instructive model of the universal and timeless processes by which groups of human beings instigate, justify, and escalate persecution†¦the steps are easy to trace, by which a few deranged, destructive human beings led ordinary mortals down the dark paths of fear, hatred, and envy to demonize and destroy innocent victims.† These trials will most likely be an occasion where historians will always wonder how and why. How did the people of Salem begin to be affected by witchcraft? Why were they so willing to accuse each other, ultimately ending in twenty deaths? By looking into the history of the village and its’ social conditions, this paper will explore the possibility that Reverend Samuel Parris, in fear of losing his position within the community, used the Bible, his supporters, and the villagers’ beliefs to scare Salem into believing witchcraft was alive in their village. For thousands of years, Christian societies throughout Europe deemed witchcraft as a critical threat and imagined it as summoning evil powers. Witches were seen by the Christian community as â€Å"a conspiracy organized under the leadership of the devil.† There are quite a few references to witchcraft and sorcery in the Bible, the two most famous being Exodus 22:18 and Deuteronomy 18:9-14. These two verses have been used over the past centuries to solidify Christian belief that witchcraft isShow MoreRelatedA Delusion of Satan Essay980 Words   |  4 PagesHistory 101 A Delusion of Satan A Delusion of Satan, was written by Frances Hill and covers in the personal situations of the people in Salem during the Salem Witch Trials of 1692. The book opens up describing the intense and strict life style of the Puritan. Then we go into discussion of the town of Salem at the time, being owned by mainly the Putman family. The pastor there, Samuel Parris, has lived there in Salem since 1689. He resides with his wife, his children, niece (Abigail Williams)Read MoreSalem Witch Trials : A Series Of Events That Occurred3696 Words   |  15 PagesThe Salem Witch Trials were a series of events that occurred within the 1690 s in a puritan society called Salem Village. It started with people acting out due to unknown causes and sources. Citizens within Salem started to accuse the men and women who acted out as witches, increasing mistrust and hysteria within Salem. The numerous allegations lead to hearings and prosecutions of the people who were accused of witchcraft in colonial Massachusetts. The trials resulted in the executions of twentyRead MoreThe Salem Of Witch Trails2281 Words   |  10 Pagesit must been According to Blumberg, the Salem of witch trails was a really bad part of the United State. There were people who didn’t understanding why they were getting accused. This happed during 1692 and 1693 in Massachusetts. This happened during this time. The main parts that started and fueled the trials were politics, religion, family, feuds, economics, and the imaginations and fears of people (Sutter). The seeds of the hysteria is afflicted Salem village, Massachusetts were sown on JanuaryRead MoreThe Salem Of Witch Trails2303 Words   |  10 PagesAccording to Blumberg, the Salem of witch trails it was a really bad part of the United State. There were people who didn’t understanding why they were getting accused. This happed during the 1692 and 1693 in Massachusetts this was really happing during this time. The main parts that started and fueled the trials were politics, religion, family, feuds, economics, and the imaginations and fears of people (Sutter). The seeds of the hysteria is afflicted Salem village, Massachusetts were sown onRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials : A Series Of Events That Killed Innocent People1881 Words   |  8 PagesThe Salem Witch Trials was a series of events that killed innocent people and brought fear to the community. The infamous Salem witch trials began during the Spring of 1692, located in Salem Village, Massachusetts. The people of Salem wanted to purge against anything that was considered remotely unholy. A group of young girls claimed that they were possessed by the devil and accused several local women of witchcraft. A special court was made due to this wave of hysteria that spreaded through colonial

Essay on Anselm’s Ontological Argument - 1217 Words

The ontological argument for God’s existence is a work of art resulting from philosophical argumentation. An ontological argument for the existence of God is one that attempts the method of a priori proof, which utilizes intuition and reason alone. The term a priori refers to deductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning is the type of reasoning that proceeds from general principles or premises to derive particular information. The argument works by examining the concept of God, and arguing that it implies the actual existence of God; that is, if we can conceive of God then God exists. However, this type of argument is often criticized as committing a bare assertion fallacy. The bare assertion fallacy is fallacy in formal logic where a premise†¦show more content†¦Anselm goes on to justify his assumption by using the analogy of a painter. In short, when a painter first conceives of what it is he wants to accomplish, he has it in his understanding but does not yet understan d it to exist. He doesn’t understand it to exist because he has yet to construct his painting. His point in general is that there is a difference between saying that something exists in my mind and saying that I believe that something exists. Anselm goes on to introduce another assumption that could be considered a new version of the argument. He tries to show that God cannot possibly exist in the understanding alone by contrasting existing in the understand with existing in reality. One of the earliest recorded objections to Anselms argument was raised by one of Anselms contemporaries, Gaunilo of Marmoutiers. One of the problems that he brings forth is that Anselm’s argument could be applied to things other than God. If the argument were valid, it could be applied to things that are clearly imaginary. Here is where the example of the lost island is introduced. Gaunilo invited his readers to think of the greatest, or most perfect, conceivable island. As a matter of fac t, it is likely that no such island actually exists. However, his argument would then say that we arent thinking of the greatest conceivable island, because the greatestShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Anselms Ontological Argument and the Argument from Evil1448 Words   |  6 Pages2011 Analysis to Anselm’s Ontological Argument and the Argument from Evil The debate of the existence of God had been active since before the first philosopher has pondered the question. Anselm’s Ontological Argument was introduced during the 11th century and had stood deductively valid until the 18th century. Then there are the arguments to aim disprove God, such as the Argument from Evil. The Ontological argument is an a priori deductive argument. That is, an argument relating to beingRead MoreEssay Anselms Ontological Argument1281 Words   |  6 PagesIn Chapter 2 of Anselms Proslogian, Anselm offers what was later to be characterized as his Ontological Argument, which is an argument for Gods existence he felt was so strong that even a fool as is said in Psalms 14:1- who has said in his heart, There is no God. Anselms argument is as follows : 1. God is that which nothing greater can be conceived. 2. If someone understands a thing, than that thing exists in someones understanding. 3. If someone understands that which nothing greaterRead MoreEssay on The Ontological Argument for the Existence of God1545 Words   |  7 PagesThe Ontological Argument for the Existence of God The ontological argument is an a priori argument. The arguments attempt to prove Gods existence from the meaning of the word God. The ontological argument was introduced by Anselm of Canterbury in his book Proslogion. Anselms classical argument was based on two principals and the two most involved in this is St Anselm of Canterbury as previously mentioned and Rene Descartes. The ontological argument argues thatRead MoreEssay about Ontological Argument Critique 857 Words   |  4 Pagesis a much debated philosophical argument that has mystified philosophers since the age of the ‘Enlightenment.’ Many of the different arguments put forth and analysed though, have not adequately proven God’s existence. Although in order to move forward, failed arguments must be studied to ensure that mistakes are not repeated. One such argument is the Ontological Argument. This argument was first recorded by St. Anslem (1033-1109). Descartes adapts this argument in the fifth meditation in ‘MeditationsRead MoreOntological Argument Is Not Reliant On An Posteriori933 Words   |  4 Pages Ontological Argument Saint Anselm created the â€Å"Ontological Argument†. Saint Anselm was the archbishop of Canterbury. The premise of Saint Anselm’s Ontological Argument is that, no greater being can be conceived than God. The Ontological Argument is an a priori or deductive argument. An a priori argument does not have to be supported by real or factual evidence just by reason without observation. Thus, the Ontological Argument is not reliant on an a posteriori premise. An a posteriori argumentRead MoreEssay about St. Anselm of Canterbury1110 Words   |  5 Pages In the following I intend to prove that the ontological argument is in and of itself, insufficient in proving that God exists. There are a few problems with the argument that I will be discussing in detail in an attempt to illustrate exactly why ‘The Ontological Argument’ is unsatisfactory. The Definition of ‘Greater’ St. Anselm of Canterbury defined God as â€Å"that-than-which-a-greater-cannot-be-thought† (Bailey, 2002). The problem with this definition is that the term ‘greater’ is surely up forRead MoreDale Barlet. Philosophy 100. Professor Mcandrews. 3/28/17.1253 Words   |  6 PagesDale Barlet Philosophy 100 Professor McAndrews 3/28/17 In Proslogion, Anselm argues God’s existence using what has come to be known as the ontological argument. Using the ontological argument, Anselm disproves â€Å"the fools† belief that there is no God. However, Anselm does not give enough backing to his arguments. This is particularly true in the fourth point, that it is conceivable that God exists in reality. Although I agree with Anselm, he gives no evidence to support why it is conceivable thatRead MoreValidity And Effectiveness Of Anselm s Ontological Argument On The Existence Of God1095 Words   |  5 PagesAnselm s Ontological Argument on the existence of God. I will begin by presenting Anselm’s Ontological Argument from the ground up. This includes the argument, basic idea, initial assumptions, Anselm’s definition of god, and Anselm s distinctions which are needed to completely understand the nature of my argument. Furthermore, I will present concepts of logic and define what makes an argument vali d, and circular argument because they are necessary for understanding the validity of this argument. FollowingRead MoreThe Medieval Sourcebook For Anselm s 1033-1009 Proslogium1175 Words   |  5 Pages In the Medieval Sourcebook for Anselm’s 1033-1009 Proslogium, Aselm constructs an argument in which it is a deductive ontological argument. Aselm attempts to prove the existence of God through one single argument which is that God does truly exist. However, there will always be dilemmas, conflicts or predicaments when it comes to such sensitive and personal topics such as the existence of God. Atheists are types of people who do not believe in the existence of God and have been continuously denyingRead MoreBeyond a Reasonable Doubt Essay1239 Words   |  5 PagesAs surely as the possibility of God’s existence is self-evident to mankind, so it seems is the possibility of His non-existence. While virtually every culture throughout history has believed in at least one d eity, the arguments for and against the existence of Christianity’s God have raged on for centuries. In his Institutes, John Calvin argued that God planted the knowledge of His existence in the heart of every man, saying: That there exists in the human mind, and indeed by natural instinct, some

Effect of Communication Barriers in Organization Free Essays

string(144) " having a meeting in a meeting room so that everyone can concentrate to the thing that they discuss and came up with a best solution or result\." Ladies and Gentleman’s, Today, I want to share with you about ‘Effect of Communication Barriers and how to overcome this barriers’. Good communication is very important. Without communication, there is no way to express our thoughts, ideas and feelings. We will write a custom essay sample on Effect of Communication Barriers in Organization or any similar topic only for you Order Now Since we babies and grew up, we learnt more words and study how to communicate with different people, at different times, in different ways. Studying about communication enables us to be good communicators and brings a ways to a good effective communication. Communications have a many definition. What in important, communication needs a sender and a receiver of the message. No matter how, communication can describes as a process which begins when we have a message that want deliver to other person’s, the person’s received the message, react to it and respond our message. That response may lead us to react and give another message (Elizabeth Tierney, 1998). This message must be conveyed through some medium to the recipient. It is essential that this message must be understood by the recipient in same terms as intended by the sender. There are three (3) types of effective’s communication that we used every day in our lives (Camp Satterwhite 2002). First is Oral Communication. Oral Communication is the spoken interaction between two or more of people. It’s used as an instant and immediate to conveying and receiving of information. It’s also builds self-esteem for both the audience and the speaker. It includes individuals conversing with each other, be it direct or telephonic conversation. Speeches, presentations, discussions are all forms of oral communication. These recommended when the communication matter is of temporary kind. Face to face communication (meetings, lectures, conferences, interview, etc. is significant so as to build a rapport an trust. According to Camp Satterwhite (2002), Oral Communication follow ways by Face to Face conversation, meeting, voice mail messages, tele-confering, oral presentation and lastly is public speaking. All these ways can be good communication and it’s most effective when the sender of a message has a good skill to deliver what they want to said. The second types a re a Written Communication. It means a representation of a language in a textual medium through the use of a set of signs or symbol (Wikipedia). Written Communication is the way how we interpreted the feeling by some piece of paper. Written Communication can take place via letters, faxes, memos, e-mail, and reports, minute of meeting and new releases. It provides documentation and proof of the exchange of information. It helps in laying down apparent principles, policies and rules for running of an organization Last and not least, any kind of communication not involve the word, it’s called non verbal communication. This is the last types of communication that we use every day. It is communication of feelings, emotions, altitudes, and thoughts through body movement, gestures, eye contact, etc. Non verbal can include vocal sounds that are no word such as grunt, sigh, and whimpers. Effective communication plays an important role not only in organization but is equally important in our personal life. Effective communication is important at all the levels in an organization. Effective communication goes a long way in passing the correct and the desired information to the recipient and the work is accomplished without errors in a short span on time. Effective communication also nullifies the chances of misunderstandings, conflict and errors which might crop in cases where the message is not clear. But, in the same time, there has a barriers can distract and prevent person’s from paying full attention to the message. It called as ‘Communication Barriers’. Ok, let’s see what that communication barriers, Barriers Communication is an interference or noise that might interfere when communication process happen. When I making the research what kind effect of communication barrier, they have lot of barrier can may distract and prevent the receiver from paying full attention to the message. Therefore, on this day, we will be discussing five (5) communication barrier and how to solve this problem. One of communication barriers is Physical interference. Physical interference is external and outside the control of both the speaker and the receiver. It affects the physical transmission of the message. Example a noise disturbances like loud music, the sound of traffic from a busy road, static coming from loud speaker system, or loud drilling from a nearby. Those kind of physical interference will affect the massage that been transferred from speaker to the listener. Let’s have a test to prove that this. Try to get 20 person sitting in the circle near to a radio and give a sentence to the first person â€Å"She swim at the sea shore and find a sea shell†. I confident that the word after receive by the last person in the group will only â€Å"She swim.. † and the other word will be lost between the root from one person to another. This is a common thing that happened to us every day because of the surrounding and to avoid this thing happen and we have to overcome the problem first. Try to look at the issues here; the massage was not been transfer correctly because of the sound surrounding the group. At any circumstances, the message might be wrongly be delivered because of the music from the radio itself. Human bodies are connecting to each other and were link to our brain. If the ears are hearing something else other than the message that the delivered, the brain will capture something that similar to the massage or will lost in the transmitting. To solve this problem, we have to make sure that there are no interruption or and activity other than the group itself. In our life, if someone are having a discussion that involve two way communication, we have to make sure that we at the place that no other thing can interrupt the conversation between the group. In a corporate organization, they will always having a meeting in a meeting room so that everyone can concentrate to the thing that they discuss and came up with a best solution or result. You read "Effect of Communication Barriers in Organization" in category "Papers" A second barrier of communication is a Lack of Enthusiasm, Subject Knowledge, Language and Emotion. Many of us are quick feel hopeless and turn away from a situation. This is one of the problems that lead to communication barriers. Do you really believe your organization is better than the competition’s Do you look as confident manager as you say you are? If you don’t have knowledge about your organization, it’s problem to your organization. Why I say so, this is because when you’re don’t have knowledge and experiences, it can hamper to the overall working of an organization. So, to solve this problem, we as a manager must show some enthusiasm like begin paying attention to the types of expressions we use. When everything we do with a smile, a serious or negative message will not happen. Languages play an important role in a joint communication in an organization. When we do a dealing with other country, we must have a requires skill to understand the language of their country. Example this language barrier is, when a country like Malaysia trade with Japan, the problem occurs when the communication dealing. This is because, Japan use their language as a intermediate language. So Malaysian must learn their language to communicate with them other than English to facilitate a transaction. Emotions are obstacles to any communication. If there are negative feelings that arise in the mind of a person, all communications will be interrupted. In an organization, we, as a manager should play an important role in a good relationship with all employees. We must be ready to solve problems that occur between subordinates not with a heavy heart side even with a sense of rational. On my knowledge and experiences, each organization provides performance evaluation for each employee. Every manager must needs to put forward their views on the performance of employees. Problem to this situation is, when manager used their emotion to this views on the performance of employee like dishonesty, jealousy, and other negative feelings, it will affect the progress of performance subordinate staff. These things should not happen in to organization. So, all manager here, please don’t use your emotion when evaluating the performance on your subordinates. The third problem of communication is a Semantic Barrier. Semantic barriers are the misunderstandings meaning of word and can occurs the barrier of communication. Someone can interpret the meaning with their experienced. It’s related between word, signs phrases. It’s is the most difficulties in communication arise because the same word or symbol means different things to different individuals. Example of Semantic Barriers is like Connotation and Fluency. Connotation is a commonly understood subjective cultural or emotional association that some word or phrase carries, in addition to the word’s or phrase’s explicit or literal meaning, which is its denotation (Wikipedia). They have a two (2) distinct sense. First is a ‘What must we know in order to determine the reference of an expression’ and secondly an idea to we suggested for implemented. For all knowledge, a sentence can convey entirely different meanings depending on the emphasis on words and the tone of voice for example, the statement, â€Å"I didn’t SAY you were stupid† has six different meanings, depending on which word is emphasized like ‘I didn’t say YOU were stupid’ and ‘I didn’t say you were STUPID’. Some point to all remember is when we are angry or excited, our speech tends to become more rapid and higher pitched, when we are bored or feeling down, our speech tends to slow and take on a monotone quality and when we are feeling defensive, our speech is often abrupt. Fluency is the ability to read text accurately and quickly. Most people around us do not fully master the skill to speaks and read with confident. This weakness makes one’s self look weak in any communication with co-workers and managers. Fluency is very important to all of us. Why I say it is important? These is because, it shows that someone is knowledgeable in a particular field, say with utmost confidence and this will make the people around respect for ourselves. The fourth problem is a Physiological Interference. Health problems are one of the causes of the outbreak of the communication barrier. Headache, hearing loss, blindness, lack of focus, and suffer from short term memory lost due to physiological challenges on the part of the speaker or the receiver. When this happens, the speakers or the receiver will not take note of the things that will be presented by the speaker. Conditions such as headaches, blindness, lack of memory, hearing loss occurs in every person around us. Is my own example, if we have a headache, blindness, pain throughout the body, we will automatically fully concentrate on the pain and if someone started chatting, we like to take cognizance of and did not focus on it. If someone who was hearing-impaired, it is the biggest problem faced to communicate with people around. As speakers, if we want to deliver a thing of message, we must say with a loud tone clearly so that the receiver understands the meaning that we want delivered. For the blindness eyes, this will also affect the delivery of on-screen if any speakers make presentation using power point slides. This resulted in someone’s difficult to concentrate on a slide that is displayed. Therefore, health is very important in a relationship communication. We will be constantly emphasize that our personal health symptoms such as headaches, fatigue, dim eyes, aching body is not the case because when it is in our bodies, all the important things will not be able to fully focus especially if are performing their duties in place work. Last and not least, is a lack of written and spoken in English. This is the one problem that happen in all of us expecially who doesn’t know how to communicate in English. In an organization, English is the main language. Less of reading book in English also be How to cite Effect of Communication Barriers in Organization, Papers

Commodification Impacts on Tourism free essay sample

Marketing teams have developed â€Å"the dream vacation† for just about everyone, whether your interests lie in adventure travel, cruising, or wine tasting, your imagination (and perhaps your budget) is pretty much your only limitation. Along side this ever increasing number of vacation destinations a large body of research on the â€Å"tourist machine† also grows. Over time, the focus of tourism research has shifted somewhat from the basic sort of anthropological or sociological questions such as â€Å"why do people choose the destinations they do† and â€Å"how do the natives of these tourist destinations feel about their â€Å"guests†Ã¢â‚¬  to more of an environmental and cultural impact approach. The impacts commoditization on tourism is the focus of this paper. Commoditization, in terms of tourism, is the â€Å"packaging† and sale of an idea or story. What I mean by that is that what is being turned into a commodity is an â€Å"experience,† not a tangible product. For example, Commoditization of the past is the sale of tradition and/or history. Commoditization of culture is the sale of tradition and/or ritual. Many authors have written about the impact that tourists attention to a community’s ethnic identity has on that culture and have found that long-lost traditions are being revived and even new ‘staged traditions’ are being dreamt up in order to comply with the tourists’ growing demand for ‘authentic cultures’ (Cohen, 1988; MacCannell, 1999; MacDonald, 1997; Van den Berghe, 1994). Ooi (2002),when researching the contrasting strategies Denmark and Singapore have taken in tourism, coined three terms to describe some important issues that the commoditization of tourism has facilitated. Heteroglossia, refers to the conflict of commercial and cultural contexts in tourism; polyphony, highlights the ubiquitous voice of the authorities in managing the clashes of tourism and local culture; and the carnivalesque refers to the spheres of activities beyond the control of the authorities. These three concepts are loosely used as the foundation for this paper. Quite often a developing country’s last resort in its quest for economic growth is to venture into the tourism industry (Lea, 1988). Even if that country’s government enters into the tourism arena with the noblest of intentions, their desires to lure in foreign exchange, attract investments, increase income and employment levels, and to achieve general progress can force governments to base their decisions â€Å"on the wishes of the dominant actors in the industry; therefore they generally tend to favour the large-scale development of (multinational) tourism enterprises† (Roessingh, 2004). Growth of a tourism industry in a developing country is often a double edged sword. On the one hand, it is not uncommon for the growth to begin even before the government commits to supporting the venture, leaving its development up to the private sector (Dahles, 1999). This places the pressure of development initiatives upon the private sector and, while they are likely to gain income for their efforts they are no match for the large scale companies that will inevitably come knocking. This informal private sector contains small-scale, mostly self-built and unorganized, entrepreneurs. The formal sphere or large scale companies on the other hand, consists of large, capital intensive, well-structured, mostly multinational enterprises (Roessingh, 2004). On the other hand, these large enterprises often bring with them significant investments, knowledge, and technology and can therefore contribute more to the economic growth of the country it enters than their smaller competitors would. Because of their connections in the tourist markets, knowledge of the demands and standards of Western tourists and money to invest, these large multinational chain hotels, are at an extreme advantage over most local entrepreneurs. The ties to western tour operators that the multinational companies often have enable them to quickly obtain a monopoly position, leaving the local businesses to slowly wither and die. As if the obvious advantages had by the large companies were not enough to secure their position as â€Å"leader of the pack† it is not unheard of for psychological arfare to be a weapon of choice in the commoditization of tourism. Local entrepreneurs in Puerto Plata, Northern Dominican Republic, claim large tour operators tell tourists that it is better to stay in the resorts (rather than privately owned hotels) as leaving the confinement of the resort’s grounds could put them in at risk of being swindled or robbed. Its also common to hear that the food and wa ter outside the resort’s boundaries are unhealthy and unhygienic (Roessingh, 2004). The same sources also claim that they are being left off of tour operators lists and being told a variety of bogus explanations for the omission but are later finding out that the tour guides have received financial â€Å"incentives† to bring their groups to these large resorts. Being that so many of the resorts these days operate with an â€Å"all inclusive† policy, tourists staying at them have even less incentive to go offsite to local clubs, restaurants or shops. This ‘all-inclusive’ structure, forced the remaining destinations in the Dominican Republic to follow this new trend in tourism. This ultimately meant another setback for the local businesses in the Puerto Plata region, as this all-inclusive system resulted in a further loss of business for the small shops, restaurants and hotels (Roessingh, 2004). As a result residents often have no other options but to seek employment with the company that has put them and/or their neighbours out of business. Increasing competitiveness among small entrepreneurs is another widespread problem. Should a local entrepreneur somehow manage to keep their business afloat, their desperation can turn a small business into an uncomfortable environment. Local tour guides fight over tourists and shop keepers use high pressure sales techniques to â€Å"make the sale† before the customer leaves to go to the neighbouring store (Dahles, 1999). Most entrepreneurs would blame the government for their lack of opportunities within the tourism industry (Roessingh, 2004). Roessingh, in his study of small entrepreneurs in Puerto Plata, stated that the â€Å"Dominican government had to make far-reaching decisions to use land and financial means to develop this new industry at the expense of other sectors in the economy. Tourism policies implemented by this government have focused on attracting foreign investments, leaving the small entrepreneurs in the tourism industry without access to the necessary resources for development. By favouring the development of large resorts, financed by private investors, the government was able to attract large numbers of tourists and become an important tourist destination, but by ignoring the small entr epreneurs they have created a situation of economic dependency, frustration and confusion among the few local entrepreneurs that remain. Ironically, the port of Puerto Plata has been left to deteriorate to such an extent that it is no longer able to harbour large cruise ships. The disappearance of the cruise ship industry has meant a major loss of clientele for the small businesses in Puerto Plata. In what has been called â€Å"cultural tourism† local food, traditions, crafts, performances, and historical sights are packaged into â€Å"products. † Some say that local cultures are changed when they are transformed into â€Å"tourist-friendly† goods. Mass production of native arts or crafts, for example, strip away their originality, reduce their quality and rob them of meaning. This new â€Å"product† becomes part of the finely tuned tourism machine and is no longer dependent upon the hands of its creator. A decline in the number of skilled artisans who are unable to compete with mass production, is inevitable (Wyllie). While many cultural â€Å"impact studies† tend to depict tourism as ‘a force of social change coming to destroy territorial and local identities’ Lanfant (1995) argues for a more active approach, considering tourism as a driving force for cultural change. Others disagree that commoditization could be a catalyst for cultural change. Goffman (1959), for example, described in his theory on social behaviour what he calls the front-stage and the back-stage, as two different settings for everyday life social behaviour. He suggests that front-stage the performers (the locals) act in one way for their audience (the tourists) who believe this to be their ‘normal behaviour’, while on the backstage (at home, among friends, peers, etc. ) they express their ‘true feelings’ when the audience is absent. Yet a third perspective on the impact of tourism’s commoditization on culture is that of â€Å"involution†(McKean 1998). McKean sees this as a process by which economic necessity and or conservatism pressure a people into retaining their traditional methods of artistic expression so that tourism thrives. When a community is involved with the decision making of how to attract and maintain a tourist base and when they see financial benefit from their efforts to be accommodating hosts often they will shrug off inevitable inconveniences as minor irritations (Wyllie). Other researchers focus more upon the conflicts that can arise when a town or village becomes viewed more as a product then as a the home and birthplace of another people’s culture. Different values, behaviour patterns, language and so on, are all possible causes for conflicts between the visiting and visited. Also, the increasing number of tourists that locals are confronted with has been found to â€Å"provoke a stronger feeling of ‘identity’ among the residents, they idealize the past and blame the ‘intruders’ for changes. In this situation tourists are no longer seen as individuals from different countries, but as one group of ‘outsiders’. It becomes a matter of ‘us’ against ‘them’ (Pedregal, 1996). Social groups emerge with the development of the commoditization of tourism. Again, as previously stated, conflict between members of the host community can also arise due to competition for the tourist dollar. With regard to the commoditization of tourism’s impact on the environment, that it pollutes and disfigures, corrupts traditional cultures, and overburdens local resources is, simply put, common knowledge or is it? Some believe that too frequently the arrival at this conclusion is founded largely on emotion, prejudices, and preconceptions (Hughes, 2002). Hughes states â€Å"precious little science has been brought to bear, largely because there is precious little science available. † He also proposes that this data deficiency â€Å"acts either to silence the environmental side of the tourism-environment debate, through lack of factual information with which to contest the quantitative facts of economic importance, or to marginalize it to the untrustworthy domain of â€Å"emotion† and â€Å"prejudice. In an effort to construct environmental indicators for tourism Furley, Hughes, and Thomas (1996) recommend that indicators be developed using three categories. These indices were corporate, national, and site or destination specific. By defining a comprehensive inventory of characteristics for each category it might be possible to maintain a more objective view of tourism’s effects. Paradoxically, The exponential growth of tourist numbers and their spread to previously remote regions has brought attention to the potentially harmful character of â€Å"nature-based tourism. The more popular a tourist destination becomes, the more likely it is that it will be degraded due to heavy visitation, which in turn may diminish the quality of the experience. Goldsmith (1974), in an effort to define the level of use before a decline in the user’s recreational experience, identified four categories of carrying capacity: physical, ecological, economic, and perceptual. This unusual research perspective, it seems, is more concerned with the decline in the tourist’s experience than the declining state of the destination’s environment, even though the spread of tourist-made tracks has shown significant negative impact in these areas (Hillery, 2001). What about the impacts commoditization has on the tourist itself? Some have suggested that commoditization has little impact on the tourist due to cultural ignorance, inevitably leaving them with lower expectations of authenticity (Wyllie). Urry (1990), on the other hand, gives today’s tourist consumer slightly more credit and feels that tourist may be returning to the â€Å"Grand Tour† concept in which travellers seek more than pure indulgence and prefer an actual â€Å"experience. Should this be the case, perhaps tomorrow’s tourist will tread more softly upon our earth than today’s. How has commoditization impacted tourism? Simple. The planet, once explored by very few, has become the â€Å"backyard† of anybody with a passport and the means to travel. Large corporations have invested readily available capital in research and development of this increasingly popular â€Å"commodity† and have become the â€Å"backyard bully. † By promising significant financial gain or incentives to the governing bodies of developing countries the bully obtains control over the destinations caretakers. Even the most savvy of caretakers are vulnerable to the might of the corporation and can ultimately lose any real control over their country that they originally had. Once the bully has the governing bodies â€Å"in their back pocket† they are free to saturate the destination with foreign owned interests (hotels, restaurants, tour guides, etc. ). Eventually, the never ending capital at the bully’s disposal is used to eliminate one local business after another creating a monopoly for themselves. This monopoly forces the once independent locals into a position of dependency. Locals will eventually depend upon the hotels and restaurants to employ them, not so that they may thrive or prosper from the sharing of their homeland, but simply so that they may feed their families. In an effort to control the â€Å"culture† which attracted the tourist to the destination in the first place, the bully begins to manufacture it. They mass produce artifacts and recreate rituals that once had significant meaning to it’s disciples reducing them to mere â€Å"dinner theatre. † Eventually all originality and charm are drained from the tourist destination, making each one indistinguishable from the next. The intimacy once enjoyed by the tourist and the locals is all but lost, robbing both parties of a genuinely enriching cultural experience. The bully does not believe in intimacy or genuineness he only believes in volume. Conflict is encouraged by the commoditization bully. Conflict between the locals and their government, and conflict between the locals themselves. Although it is widely accepted that conflict can be good, I would have to ask what good can come from conflict manipulated by a third party who’s only interests are self serving?